The Growth of European Nation-States in the 1500s and 1600s – Flashcards

(1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire., This was the Portuguese Prince that gave steadfast financial and moral support to the navigators, The son of the king of Portugal. Founder of the most advanced navigation school in Europe in the 1400's., a member of the Portuguese royal family who hoped to acquire gold for Portugal and start a Crusade against the Muslims in Africa. He is thought to have founded a school of sailing and navigation in Sagres. His navigators began a series of explorations westward into the Atlantic and southward along the west coast of Africa in 1418.

a nobleman of the Portuguese royal household, was a Portuguese explorer. He sailed around the southernmost tip of Africa in 1488, the first European known to have done so.

Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, which led to Portuguese control of the spice trade

Spurred by missionary zeal, personal gain, national pride, and Renaissance curiosity, and aided by the development of the magnetic compass, the astrolabe, cannons mounted on ships, and better made ships.

Sought a direct route to Asia for the Spanish crown, discovered the Western Hemisphere, and despite opening the "New World," laid the foundations for Europeans' oppression and exploitation of native people

First person to circumnavigate the globe.

Both respectively conquered the great American empires of the Aztecs and Incas. Gold and silver flowed from the New World mines into the coffers of the Spanish monarchs and to the merchants and manufacturers of the Netherlands. These explorers opened up trade routes for new products on these continents that would bring. The flood of Gold and Silver also led to inflation and led to an influx of entrepreneurs to the New World, killing domestic industry in Spain. Slavery also increased and changed due to exploration. Plantation agriculture was practiced by the conquering Europeans in the New World. Slaves began being exported to the New World after the native peoples had perished due to disease, guns, and extreme exploitation.

The exchange of valuable goods and resources from each continent.

Justice in the Spanish territories in the New World were enforced by this panel of 12 judges with the viceroy as the head justice.

Local officials, who got authority directly from the crown to enforce laws and impose taxes in the New World. (Spanish)

A tax on all precious metals found in the New World payable to the Spanish King.

Enforced mercantilist laws banning trade between the Spanish colonies and other European powers.

Emerged as a new economic system in which the mother country trades with the colonies and the colonies are not allowed to trade with other nations. It was intended to lessen financial dependence on other European countries.

As the volume of trade rose, and new mechanisms for organizing large-scale economic activity developed, this started in Europe. A gradual change in the way that business was conducted between 1450 - 1700. This led to the creation of modern banking, the use of credit and checks, and the use of book keeping.

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The revolt of the Calvinist leaders of the Low Countries ended in the division and the Low Counties into the Spanish Netherlands and the United Provinces of the Netherlands. The defeat in 1588 of the attempt of this monarch to invade England marked the beginning of the decline of Spain's hegemony in W Europe.

An autocratic expansionist who limited the power of the boyars, expanded the realm, and solidified the role of czar.

Ensued after Ivan the Terrible's death. Marked by civil war and the lack of an heir. The Romanov dynasty was finally established in 1613, and the family reinstituted serfdom and gained virtual control over the Russian Orthodox church.

Expanded the power of the state and of the czars by establishing a powerful standing army, a civil service, and an educational system to train technicians in the skills developed by western science and technology. He imposed economic burdens, western ideas, and social restriction on the peasants to further his power, erected St. Petersburg, and built ornate baroque palaces, churches, and public buildings to glorify his reign

German royal family who ruled Brandenburg from 1415 and later extended their control to Prussia (1525). Under Frederick I (ruled 1701-1713) the family's possessions were unified as the kingdom of Prussia.

Solidified autocratic rule over Brandenburg, Prussia, the Rhine territories with a strong army and an efficient bureaucracy, and with a policy of weakening the Junkers and suppressing the peasants. The Junkers served as elite officers in the army and absolutist rule was established.

A Valois rival of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, battled unsuccessfully to weaken the Hapsburgs as Europe's most powerful family but managed to consolidate absolutism in France by instituting the taille.

Francis I granted the Pope the right to collect the first year's revenue from Church offices in return for the power to nominate high officials in the French church, effectively nationalizing the church in France and increasing the power of the monarchy.

Opposed any reform of the Church that might weaken his influence over it. Actively persecuted Huguenots.

Provoked civil war in France with his continued persecution of the Huguenots. This halted the edict of toleration which had been issued by Catherine de Medici.

Renewed the brutal civil war when Catholic mobs slaughtered Huguenot leaders who had gathered in Paris to celebrate a royal wedding.

A Huguenot that was the only legitimate claimant to the French throne after the persecution, civil war, and dynastic rivalry. After his ascension to the throne and his conversion to Catholicism, he became Henry IV. He issued the Edict of Nantes and his finance minister, the Duke of Sully, reformed the tax collection system to make it more equitable and efficient, improved transportation, stimulated trade and industry, and fostered prosperity.

A remarkable expression of religious tolerance that guaranteed civil and religious freedom to the Huguenots minority.

Succeeded Henry IV. His reign was filled with corruption and mismanagement. He appointed Cardinal Richelieu as prime minister.

Centralized the government further by encouraging the commerce and industry that increased the tax base, by strengthening the military, and by instituting the intendant system, in which bourgeois officials, answerable only to the king, supervised the provinces and diminished the power of the nobility. His policies strengthened absolutism in France and prepared the Sun King.

Ruled by divine right- placed on the throne by God, and therefore owed his authority to no person or group. France developed Europe's first modern army. Artillery was made a part of the army. The government instead of officers recruited, trained, equipped, and garrisoned troops. A chain command was established, and the army was increased 100,000 to 400,000, the largest in Europe. War was an instrument of his foreign policy. Under his reign, France enjoyed a Golden Age of culture and cultural influences: France became the "universal tongue," spoken by diplomats and in the royal courts of all Europe. This monarch patronized artists such as Molière. Although his reign solidified central government and marked the high point of absolutism in France, his many wars exhausted the treasury. This left the bourgeoisie and the peasantry with an enormous tax burden since the clergy and nobility were exempted from most taxes. His personal extravagances aggravated the situation: The Palace of Versailles and its entertainments for the "captive nobility" at court- he defanged the nobles by making participation in court life a social requirement. He revoked the Edict of Nantes and made Catholicism mandatory.

The Father of French Mercantilism. Revitalized trade as Louis XIV's finance minister by abolishing internal tariffs and creating a free trade zone in most of France. He stimulated industry by subsidizing vital manufacturing and by building up the military. He hoped to make France self-sufficient by building a large fleet that would rival that of the English and Dutch and enable the French to acquire an overseas empire. Louis opted for an army- allowed GB to build up a powerful navy.

France's unsuccessful attempt to seize the Spanish Netherlands as part of a feudal claim.

Revenge for the Dutch role in defeating France in the War of Devolution and an attempt to seek France's "natural boundary in the west," the Rhine River. Largely unsuccessful for France.

Although France retained Luxembourg, most of Louis's ambitions were frustrated by The League of Augsburg, an alliance of Holland, Spain, the Holy Roman Emperor, and England.

Louis threatened to upset the Balance of Power in Europe by laying claim to the Spanish throne for his grandson. The Grand Alliance, which included the major states of western Europe, fought to resent this union of the French and Spanish thrones.

Restored the balance of power by allowing Philip V, Louis's grandson, to remain on the Spanish throne so long as France and Spain were never ruled by the same monarch. IT also awarded the victors various European and overseas possessions of the Spanish Empire.

The first of the Tudor monarchs, established a strong central government even though many regarded the family as usurpers invited to the throne as an expedient compromise to the end of the War of the Roses. Henry raised revenues from the middle class through regulation of trade and internal commerce (monopolies, charters, and licenses). This revenue allowed him to maintain a standing army and keep the nobility in check. The Court of the Sat Chamber administered central justice and further subdued rebellious nobles. The Tudors were beholden to Parliament for inviting them to the throne, and therefore obligated to consult with them.

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When Protestant ideas first reached England in the 1520s, they were attacked by the king himself, Henry VIII. A pamphlet he wrote pleased Pope Leo X, who gave him the title "Defender of the Faith" (a title still held by the English Monarch). But Henry had a problem He wanted a son to whom he could pass on the throne. The only living child by his wife, Catherine of Aragon, was a daughter, Mary. Henry had fallen in love with a lady of the court named Anne Boleyn and wanted to marry her in hopes of fathering a son. He wanted the pope to annul the marriage to Catherine. When the pope refused, Henry appointed a new Archbishop of Canterbury (the head of the Church hierarchy in England). The archbishop dutifully annulled the marriage, and Henry wed Anne. The pope immediately excommunicated Henry. In 1534 Henry responded with the Act of Supremacy, which declared that the king was the head of the Church in England. (Anne bore a daughter, Elizabeth, but was beheaded for alleged misconduct).

Succeeded Edward VI. Unpopular, not only because she was a Catholic but because she was married to Philip II of Spain. Bloody Mary earned her name when she burned hundreds of Protestants at the stake for dissenting against her attempt to reinstitute Catholicism in England.

Succeeded Mary Tudor. , Born in 1533 to Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. She was barely legitimate. She took to the throne in 1558. In 1559 Parliament did as she asked and made the Church of England, or Anglican Church. This was the only legal church in England but she set it up to be attractive to both Protestants and Catholics. Some Catholics however tried to replace her with her cousin, Mary Queen of Scots, didn't quite work because she had Mary killed. Philip II of Spain was also an issue; he was her brother in law. She was called, " most dread sovereign lady." She is possibly the greatest ruler England has ever had. Died in 1603. She repealed Mary's pro-Catholic legislation and reinstated the Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity.

Followed Protestant doctrine and was vague enough to accommodate most of the English except the Puritans

All persons had to go to church once a week or be fined 12 pence (equivalent to just over £11 in 2007 [4]), a considerable sum for the poor. By this Act Elizabeth I made it a legal obligation to go to church every Sunday. The Act of Uniformity reinforced the Book of Common Prayer.

Spanish king and Holy Roman Emperor conspired with English Catholics to overthrow Elizabeth and put her cousin, the Catholic Mary Stuart, queen of the Scots, on the throne. Elizabeth I had Mary executed and, in response, this monarch declared war on England. The large and formidable Spanish Armada was defeated by the superior naval tactics of the smaller, more maneuverable English fleet led by Sir Francis Drake. The failure of the Spanish Armada marked the beginning of the fall of the Spanish naval dominance and the rise of the British naval dominance.

Mary Queen of Scots's son who succeeded Elizabeth I. A believer in the divine right of kings, he failed to understand the importance of Parliament in governing England. A conference at Hampton Court, 1604, failed to reconcile the Puritans, who opposed Anglican hierarchy, with the church of England.

Just like his father James I, he was devoted to the divine right theory and, unlike his father, woefully inept at dealing with Parliament. Embroiled in wars on the continent, he called for Parliament to vote funds, which it refused to do until he signed the Petition of Right.

After Archbishop Laud persecuted Puritans and tried to force Anglican worship upon the Presbyterian Scots, led Charles to reconvene Parliament in order to pay indemnities upon defeat to his foes. Long Parliament demanded, in return for paying Charles's defeat, that he impeach his top advisors, allow Parliament to meet every three years without his summons, and promise not to dissolve Parliament without its consent. When Charles attempted to arrest opposition members, Parliament seized control of the army. Charles gathered his forces and the English Civil War began.

Parliament alone can levy taxes, martial law cannot be declared in peacetime, soldiers may not be quartered in private homes, imprisonment requires a specific charge.

The middle class, the merchants, the major cities, and a small segment of the nobility that supported Parliament during the English Civil War. Allied with the Presbyterian Scotland, promising to impose Presbyterianism on England in exchange for military assistance.

The Anglican clergy, the majority of the nobility, and the peasants that backed the king during the English Civil War. Called on the Irish Catholics for help.

A Puritan leader of Parliament that led his New Model Army of Puritans against the Cavaliers and defeated them decisively. Charles eventually surrendered to the Scots.

The Scots turned Charles over to Parliament, which was led by Oliver Cromwell's Independents, who favored religious toleration. The Scots turned about and allied with Charles, who promised that he would impose Presbyterianism on the English. Cromwell defeated the Scots at the Battle of Preston and helped purge the Presbyterians from Parliament, thereby creating a Rump Parliament, which voted to behead Charles for treason. With Charles's death, England became a republic, the Commonwealth, and Cromwell and his army wielded the power. In suppressing Irish supporters of the crown, the Puritans committed terrible atrocities and imposed injustices that would acerbate the "Irish Question" for centuries. Cromwell was designated Lord Protector by a puppet Parliament and ruled with the support of Parliament until his death. His son succeeded him but was quickly deposed of and Charles I was proclaimed king.

it was the restoration that began in 1660 to restore the English monarchy. Under Charles II, the Scottish, English and Irish monarchies were all restored after the Interregnum which followed the Wars of the Three Kingdoms

Marked the development of the Tory and Whig parties. Tories prevailed in this Parliament and Anglicanism was restored by a series of laws that forbade dissenters to worship publically, required government officials and military personnel to practice Anglicanism, and discriminated against other sects.

Made up of the nobles, the gentry, and the Anglicans. Conservatives who supported the monarchy over Parliament and who wanted Anglicanism to be the state religion.

Mainly middle class and Puritan, favored Parliament and religious toleration.

Followed the Cavalier Parliament and was suspicious of Charles II's absolutist and pro-Catholic tendencies. Enacted the Habeas Corpus Act which severely limited royal power.

Limited royal power by enabling judges to demand that prisoners be in court, requiring just cause for continued imprisonment, providing speedy trials, and forbidding double jeopardy

Unpopular. A devout Catholic, he appointed Catholic ministers to important posts an gave the appearance of trying to impose Catholic on the English. In 1688, nobles invited William of Orange, a Hollander, and the wife of James's oldest child, Mary, James's oldest child, to take the throne. This monarch fled to exile in France and William and Mary were accepted by Parliament on the condition that they enacted the Declaration of Rights- the Bill of Rights

It lays down limits on the powers of the crown and sets out the rights of Parliament and rules for freedom of speech in Parliament, the requirement for regular elections to Parliament and the right to petition the monarch without fear of retribution. It reestablished the liberty of Protestants to have arms for their defence within the rule of law, and condemned James II of England for "causing several good subjects being Protestants to be disarmed at the same time when papists were both armed and employed contrary to law". These ideas about rights reflected those of the political thinker John Locke and they quickly became popular in England. It also sets out—or, in the view of its drafters, restates—certain constitutional requirements of the Crown to seek the consent of the people, as represented in Parliament.

In this bloodless revolution, the English Parliament and William and Mary agreed to overthrow James II for the sake of Protestantism. This led to a constitutional monarchy and the drafting of the English Bill of Rights.