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The Enlightenment

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A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700's and spread to the colonies. It emphasized reason and the scientific method. Writers of the enlightenment tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion. Many members of the Enlightenment rejected traditional religious beliefs in favor of Deism, which holds that the world is run by natural laws without the direct intervention of God.

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Adam Smith

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Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of political economics. Seen today as the father of Capitalism. Wrote On the Wealth of Nations (1776) One of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment.

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John Wesley

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English clergyman and founder of Methodism (1703-1791) A Georgia missionary doing work with Indians and debtors (conversions). He returns to England later and founds the Methodist Church.

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George I

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1700's was a German Protestant prince who spoke no English, therefore completely let Parliament have control and started the Cabinet, which was a handful of Parliament advisers

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Maria Theresa

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This was the queen of Austria as a result of the Pragmatic Sanction. She limited the papacy's political influence in Austria, strengthened her central bureaucracy and cautiously reduced the power that nobles had over their serfs

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Partitions of Poland

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1772; 1793; 1795, Austria, Russia and Prussia (Poland's neighbors) decided to divide Poland so they wouldn't go to war. 1st - Austria, 30% of land, 50% of population, lost Galicia; Russia gets large bit of Eastern Poland; Prussia gets West Prussia. Remaining Polish state thought they were independent (actually monitored by Russians), Poland wanted stronger monarchy, PAR (with influence of R) went to war with Poland. 2nd - Russia and Prussia got more Polish land. 3rd - last polish state split between PAR

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David Hume

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Scottish philosopher whose sceptical philosophy restricted human knowledge to that which can be perceived by the senses

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The Grand Tour

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The Grand Tour was a path that noblemen of means would take throughout the great European cities, made popular from the late 17 to mid-19th century. The trek often ended in Naples, the origin of European civilization, and is seen as having opened up protestant culture, and having broken down the schism within the Christian church. Many noblemen who ventured on the journey, like Charles Dickens, were observant of the relationship between present civilization and the ruins of antiquity's civilizations; the Grand Tour was a portal for the nobleman's picturesque ideals.

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Philosophes

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Social critics of the eighteenth century who subjected social institutions and practices to the test of reason and critical analysis

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Novels

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Part of Justinian's Code of Law which contained new edicts and laws

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Marie Jean de Condorcet

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Wrote "Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind" and in it said that there is no limit to the perfecting of the powers of man and that reason, study, and tolerance will lead humans to perfection.

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Haydn

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He wrote 104 symphonies and when he visited England, he wrote concerts for the public. "The Creation" and "The Seasons" are both dedicated to the common people.

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Moravian Brethren

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Descendants of John Huss who live in close community and were the first to send protestant missionaries. Followed ideology closed to Spener

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Cottage Industry

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Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution.

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British Constitution

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a set of court orders, laws, interpretations, etc. that form the guideline for British government

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Characteristics of Enlightened thought

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tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion. Many members of the Enlightenment rejected traditional religious beliefs in favor of Deism, which holds that the world is run by natural laws without the direct intervention of God.

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John Locke

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English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.

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Jean Jacques Rousseau

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A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy

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Enlightened Absolutism

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A system in which rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their full royal powers.

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George III

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English monarch at the time of the revolution. He was the main opposition for the colonies due to his stubborn attitude and unwillingness to hear out colonial requests/grievances.

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Joseph II

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This was the ruler of the Habsburgs that controlled the Catholic Church closely, granted religious toleration and civic rights to Protestants and Jews, and abolished serfdom

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agricultural revolution

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The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering

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thomas paine

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American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence and supported the French Revolution (1737-1809)

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salons

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Informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophes, and others exchanged ideas

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deism

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The religion of the Enlightenment (1700s). Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws. Denied that God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life.

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antione watteau

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(1684 - 1721) Rococco artist; Embarkation for the Island of Cythera

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mozart

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a composer from Austria, who was known for classical NEW STYLE. Child prodigy.

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treaty of aix-la-chapelle

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This was the treaty that ended the War of Austrian Succession by giving the Prussians land, taking land away from Maria Theresa, but still allowing her to rule

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baron de montesquieu

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French aristocrat who wanted to limit royal absolutism; Wrote The Spirit of Laws, urging that power be separated between executive, legislative, and judicial branches, each balancing out the others, thus preventing despotism and preserving freedom. This greatly influenced writers of the US Constitution. He greatly admired British form of government.

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mary astell

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women should educate themselves, A Serious Proposal to the Ladies

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louis xv

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King of France (r.1774-1792 CE). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793.

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frederick william i

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(1713-1740) Calvinist; his reforms were intended to subordinate both aristocracy and peasantry to the needs of the state + subordinate needs of the states to the demands of the military; integrated economic +military structures of state; appointed only German officers to command troops, eliminating mercenaries who sold their services to the highest bidder; placed noblemen at head of locally recruited regiments; every adult male required to register for service in regiment of local landlord; by end of reign, almost 70% of state expenditures went to army, pacific foreign policy

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catherine the great

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Empress of Russia who greatly increased the territory of the empire (1729-1796)

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silesia

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The War of the Austrian Succession began in 1740 when Frederick II ("the Great") of Prussia seized this territory from Maria Theresa's Habsburg Empire (Austria), violating the Pragmatic Sanction

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madame pompadour

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An influential court mistress that led discussion groups or a salon was:

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charles vi of austria

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In 1713, Charles VI (r. 1711-1740) proclaimed the Pragmatic Sanction, which stated that the Habsburg possessions were never to divide and were always to be passed intact to a single heir. Charles was the last of all of the Habsburg males. Charles spent much of his reign trying to get this principle accepted by the various branches of the Habsburg family, by the three different Estates of the realm, and by the states of Europe. (571)

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marquis de lafayette

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French soldier who joined General Washington's staff and became a general in the Continental Army.

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physiocrats

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Opponents of mercantilism and Colbertism in particular. Led by Francois Quesnay. Felt the need for a strong independent republic.

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capitalism

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An economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.

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baroque music

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An era of Enlightenment music between 1600-1750 characterized by basso continuo (continuous simple harpsichord or cello chords under complex melodies), little dynamics change, and by dense polyphony. Baroque style greats include Johann Sebastian Bach (composer of Brandenburg Concerto) and Georg Handel. Baroque music was a predecessor of Classical and Romantic music.

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18th century population growth

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Crop failures and epidemic diseases like the Bubonic plague decimated Europe's population. Frequent wars destroyed crops and spread disease. Population grew due to increased use of potato, transportation, and medical advances. Families were nuclear.

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voltaire

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(1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church.

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mary wollstonecraft

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British feminist of the eighteenth century who argued for women's equality with men, even in voting, in her 1792 "Vindication of the Rights of Women."

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louis XVI

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King of France (r.1774-1792 CE). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793.

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frederick ii

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"Frederick The Great"-1712-1786;King of Prussia, aggressive in foreign affairs. Used military to increase power. Encouraged religious tolerance and legal reform.

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charter of the nobility

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Defined rights of Russian NOBILITY, as long as they SERVED THE STATE voluntarily. Rights: no taxes, power over serfs, hereditary nobility.

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the seven years' war

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fought in the middle of the eighteenth century between the German kingdom of Prussia, supported by Britain, and an alliance that included Austria, France, and Russia. Prussia and Britain won, and their victory greatly increased their power. This was an eighteenth-century war fought in Europe, India, and North America. One of the major outcomes was England beating France to become the world's leading colonial power. The North American part of the war is called the French and Indian War.

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slave trade

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The business of capturing, transporting, and selling people as slaves

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rococo

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Very elaborate and ornate (in decorating or metaphorically, as in speech and writing); relating to a highly ornate style of art and architecture in 18th-century France

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immanuel kant

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Greatest German philosopher of Enlightenment-separated science and morality into separate branches of knowledge-science could describe nature, it could not provide a guide for morality. Wrote Critique of Pure Reason

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laissez-faire economics

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Economic philosophy described by *Adam Smith* in Wealth of Nations; based on the principle that business and the economy would run best with no interference from the government.

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bach

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Composer who believed music was a means to worship God and lived a quiet life at a church; created the Mass in B Minor

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classical music

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music created for the Christian church, the European courts, and the concert halls, from the Middle Ages to the present; also called art music. Music written in the period lasting approximately from 1750 to 1830. Composers of this style include Mozart, Haydn and Beethoven.

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uffizi gallery

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an art museum in Italy. It is located in Florence, and is one of the oldest and most famous art museums in the world

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william pitt

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Statesman who led Britain during the French & Indian War; his decision to pour the full resources of the British Treasury onto the contest & dramatically increase the number of British forces fighting in North America was largely responsible for Britain's victory.

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War of the Austrian Succession

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(1740) War fought between Prussia, Britian, France, and Russia over the throne of Austria. The French and Austrians should have been overpowering, but the strong Prussian army allied with the strong British navy emerged victorious, with the British gaining many French colonies

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Denis Diderot

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Philosopher who edited a book called the Encyclopedia which was banned by the French king and pope.

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Robert Walpole

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The first official prime minister, whose foreign policy was to ignore continental conflicts and he forgave the debt of the South Sea Company which made the people confident in the government

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Pragmatic Sanction

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This was the act passed by Charles VI that stated that Hapsburg possessions were never to be divided, in order to allow his daughter to be ruler.

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Pugachev's Rebellion

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Yemelyan Pugachev rallied the peasants and Cossacks and promised the serfs land of their own and freedom from their lords. it ended catherine the great's reforms.

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Diplomatic Revolution

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1756; A term applied to the reversal of longstanding diplomatic alliances which were upheld until the War of Austrian Succession and then reversed in the Seven Years' War.

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Enclosure

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A movement in England during the 1600s and 1700s in which the government took public lands and sold them off to private landowners--contributing to a population shift toward the cities and a rise in agricultural productivity.

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Cesare Beccaria

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Author of Of Crime and Punishment. He attacked both torture and capital punishment. He believed criminal justice should ensure speedy trial and sure punishment which was intended to deter further crime. Law was to secure the greatest good for the greatest number of human beings

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Colonial Empires

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The colonies that were ruled by European countries

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thomas malthus

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Eighteenth-century English intellectual who warned that population growth threatened future generations because, in his view, population growth would always outstrip increases in agricultural production.

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handel

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Baroque German composer who spent much of his life in England; best known for his Messiah, a masterpiece even in today's world

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edward gibbon

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(1737 - 1794) Author of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, published in 1776, one of the first modern histories that attempted to explain the past as a guide to the future.

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louvre museum

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a museum in paris, france; the world's largest and most visited museum; where many art from this time period is displayed, like Mona Lisa.

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thaddeus kosciuszko

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Polish officer who came to America to fight with the Continental Army. A fortification (defense) expert.

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