The Cultural Landscape Ch. 4
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custom
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The frequent repetition of an act, to the extent that it becomes characteristic of the group of people performing the act.
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folk culture
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Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups.
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habit
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A repetitive act performed by a particular individual.
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popular culture
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Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics.
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taboo
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A restriction on behavior imposed by social custom.
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terroir
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The contribution of a location's distinctive physical features to the way food tastes.
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Culture can be divided into folk and popular culture. Leisure activities, such as music and sports, can be classified as folk or popular, depending on their characteristics.
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Where are folk and popular leisure activities distributed?
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Folk culture is more likely to have an anonymous origin and to diffuse slowly through migration, whereas popular culture is more likely to be invented and diffuse rapidly with the use of modern communications.
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Compare the origin, diffusion, and distribution of folk and popular culture.
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Popular music has wide global distribution because of connections among artists and styles. This type of music is usually highly technical and uses electronic equipment. Folk music tells a story about life-cycle events (marriage, death), or about environmental conditions particular to an area.
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Compare the characteristics of folk and popular music.
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Sports that originated as isolated folk customs have been organized into popular culture with global distribution.
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Describe how sports have been transformed from folk to popular culture.
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Connections among these diverse folk culture groups are hindered by the country's rugged mountainous landscape.
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Why are Nepal's folk cultures so diverse?
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Important elements of material culture include clothing, food, and shelter. Folk and popular material culture have different origins, patterns of diffusion, and distribution.
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Where are folk and popular material culture distributed?
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Folk clothing is more likely to respond to environmental conditions and cultural values, whereas clothing styles vary more in time than in place.
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Compare reasons for distribution of clothing styles in folk and popular culture.
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Folk food culture is especially strongly embedded in environmental conditions.
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Understand reasons for folk food preferences and taboos.
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Popular food culture can display some regional variations.
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Describe regional variation in popular food preferences.
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Folk housing styles, like other folk material culture, respond to environmental and cultural factors.
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Understand factors that influence patterns of folk housing.
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U.S. housing has roots in folk culture, but newer housing displays features of popular culture.
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Understand variations in time and space of housing in the U.S.
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Popular culture is diffused around the world through electronic media. TV was the dominant format in the 20th century. Social media formats are expanding in the 21st century.
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Why is access to folk and popular culture unequal?
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TV diffused during the 20th century from the U.S. to Europe and then to developing countries.
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Describe the origin, diffusion, and distribution of TV around the world.
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Diffusion of the Internet and of social media has followed the pattern of TV, but at a much faster rate.
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Compare the diffusion of the Internet and social media with the diffusion of TV.
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Folk culture may be threatened by the dominance of popular culture in the media and by decreasing ability to control people's access to the media.
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Understand external and internal threats to folk culture posed by electronic media.
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Popular culture threatens traditional elements of cultural identity in folk culture.
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Summarize challenges for folk culture from diffusion of popular culture.
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Popular culture can deplete scarce resources and pollute the landscape.
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Summarize the two principal ways that popular culture can adversely affect the environment.
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Paper is the principal source of solid waste before recycling, but plastics and food waste are the leading sources after recycling.
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Summarize major sources of waste and the extent to which each is recycled.
