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1750-1825

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Dates of the Classical Era.

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Schiller

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Wrote poem "Ode to Joy" in the Romantic Era.

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classical music

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Characterized by a singable, lyric melody, diatonic harmony, regular rhythms and meters, homophonic texture, frequent use of folk elements.

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theme

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Musical idea, building block.

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thematic development

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Expansion of a theme.

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motive

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Melodic fragment derived from themes.

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sequence

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Repetition at a higher or lower pitch level.

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ostinato

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Short repeated pattern.

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absolute music

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No story.

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sonata-allegro form

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The first movement in classical form. Opening=exposition, presents two opposing keys and their respective themes. Two keys connected by bridge. Development, then recapitulation=restatement of the theme. Often ends in coda. Order: theme 1, bridge, theme 2, closing section, exposition repeats (develops two keys and theme).

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exposition

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Opening of a piece in sonata-allegro form. Presents two opposing keys and their respective themes.

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bridge

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Connects two keys in sonata-allegro form.

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recapitulation

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Restatement of first theme in sonata-allegro form.

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coda

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In sonata-allegro form, extension of the closing idea that leads to final cadence in home key.

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second movement in classical form

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In andante or adagio. ABA. Theme and variations.

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third movement in classical form

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Triple meter, tonic key. Minuet and trio form (or, scherzo and trio form if Beethoven). ABA.

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fourth movement in classical form

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Allegro, vivace. Lively, spirited, tonic key. Rondo.

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rondo

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A recurrence of a musical idea. The theme is presented in alternation with contrasting themes. Usually fourth (last) movement in multimovement cycle. ABABA, ABACA, or ABACABA.

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chamber music

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Music for small ensemble. 2-12 players, one per part. Classical composers established style. Favored combinations=string quartet, duo sonata, piano trio, quintet, and string quartet with solo piano or clarinet.

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first and second violin, viola, cello

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Instrumentation of string quartet.

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duo sonata

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Violin and piano or cello and piano.

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piano trio

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Violin, cello, and piano.

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string quartet

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Chamber music that followed multimovement cycle, private, salon music, profound expressions.

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Joseph Haydn

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Prolific Austrian composer. Choirboy at St. Stephen's cathedral in Vienna. The Esterhazys were his patrons for nearly thirty years, and he directed orchestra, opera company, and marionette theater for them. He expanded the size of the orchestra and WROTE OVER 100 SYMPHONIES.

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Haydn's "Emperor Quartet"

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Based on his own hymn tune, "God Keep Franz the Emperor". Became Austrian national anthem and same melody is Germany's national anthem.

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opus

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Work.

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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

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Austrian composer/pianist, born in Salzburg, Austria. Son of a court composer/violinist. Child prodigy, toured Europe with sister. Worked briefly in the patronage system. Wrote in all genres by age 13. Wrote 6 operas and 40 symphonies.

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Kochel

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Cataloged Mozart's music chronologically, including "Piano Concerto in G Major". K.

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"Eiene Kleine Nachtmusik"

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Mozart's serenade for strings: a string quartet and a double bass, or string orchestra. Outdoor performance, public event. Four movements, follows multimovement cycle. Contains rocket theme.

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rocket theme

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Quickly ascending rhythmic melody in classical music.

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symphony and string quartet

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Two new genres in the classical era.

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symphony

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Background in Italian opera overture, German composers added effects and expanded genre. Fast-slow-fast became separate movements. Rocket theme and steamroller effect.

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steamroller effect

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In symphony, drawn-out crescendos.

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Haydn's Symphony 100

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"Military" symphony. Use of percussion instruments, trumpet fanfare. Inspired by Turkish Janissary bands (military ensembles that performed in Vienna). Percussion instruments: trumpet, cymbals, snare drum, triangle. One of the composer's three military symphonies. Traditional 4-movement symphony. ABA form, B section in minor key and contains Turkish-sounding music.

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Ludwig van Beethoven

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German composer. Father and grandfather court musicians. Unhappy home life, supported family at age 11. Moved to Vienna at 22, worked under modified patronage system--taught aristocrats, worked for commissions, concertized, published works. Hearing loss started at age 32, wrote Heiligenstadt Testament during this time. Middle period of composition more Romantic (strong dynamic contrasts, explosive accents, longer movements). Final years: more chromatic harmonies, link to Romantic era. WROTE 9 SYMPHONIES. Ninth symphony was choral symphony with vocal soloists and chorus. Used "Ode to Joy".

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Beethoven's Fifth Symphony

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Used cyclical form. Four opening notes: "Fate Motive".

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First movement of Beethoven's Fifth

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Sonata-allegro, second is smoother, exposition (return to theme one), back to theme two, development.

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Second movement of Beethoven's Fifth

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Theme with variations, slower and smoother than first movement.

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Third movement of Beethoven's Fifth

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Minuet and trio. In ABA form, da capo at end ("from the beginning"). Trio is smoother and in a different key than the minuet.

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Fourth movement of Beethoven's Fifth

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In rondo form.

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cyclical form

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Musical ideas recur in later movements.

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minuet

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A Baroque court dance.

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trio

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Smoother, in different key than minuet.

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classical concerto

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Three movements, alternating fast-slow-fast. In first and third movements, there is a cadenza. Can end with rondo form (like Mozart's flute concerto).

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cadenza

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A fanciful solo passage in a manner of improvisation. The orchestra falls silent and the soloist improvises and displays his virtuosity.

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fortepiano

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The first type of piano.

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classical sonata

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Instrumental work for one or two instruments. Three or four contrasting movements. Follows multimovement cycle. Important genre for amateurs, concert works for composers.

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"Moonlight" sonata

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Beethoven wrote 32 piano sonatas. This one was composed in 1801. A sonata quasi una fantasia, or fantasy sonata.

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scherzo

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Replaced minuet in the 19th century. Like the minuet, a three-part form: _-trio-_. Faster than a minuet, marked by abrupt changes in mood.

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Janissary

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A Turkish soldier that existed from the fourteenth century until 1826. Part of an elite military troop that were born white-skinned Christians in Christian lands, yet fought for the Moslem Ottoman Turks.

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Janissary bands

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Accompanied the Ottoman army as it marched into battle.

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big drums, cymbals, triangles, Turkish crescent

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Instruments of Janissary bands. Turks considered the number 9 lucky, so the bands had 9 of each instrument.

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"The Abduction from the Seraglio"

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Mozart used military sound in the overture to this opera.

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"Sonata in A Major"/"Rondo Alla Turca"

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By Mozart, K. 331. Typical rondo, but in the Turkish style.

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Janissary pedal

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Some pianos had this, used to create a percussive effect.

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Beethoven's "Symphony #9"

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Choral symphony. Quotes Turkish march in the "Ode to Joy" variation.

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"The Ruin of Athens"

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Beethoven's stage work, used Turkish march.

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whirling dervish

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Ritual dancing in a circle with slow, controlled spinning motion.

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Beethoven's Ninth Symphony

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The Choral Symphony. Represented wanting brotherhood during French Revolution. Cyclic structure (lengthy introduction to finale is really a bridge linking the themes of the first three movements with the finale). Four vocal soloists, theme and variations.

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allegro assai

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Speed of Beethoven's Ninth.

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Idomeneo, The Abduction from the Seraglio, The Marriage of Figaro, Don Giovanni, Cosi fan tutte, The Magic Flute

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Mozart's operas.

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requiem

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A song for the Mass of the Dead.

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opera seria

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Serious Italian opera. Recitatives and arias, display virtuosity.

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comic opera

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Lighter genre, popular. Sung in vernacular, satirized aristocracy, farcical situations, humorous dialogue, popular tunes, ensemble singing.

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buffo

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Comic character in comic opera, bass voice, aside to audience.

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opera buffa

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Culminated in works of Mozart.

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"Don Giovanni"

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"Don Juan". Combines style of opera buffa and opera seria. Written by Mozart. Main character (title) is amoral, aristocratic womanizer and it ends in his death. The main aria: he sings a song to Zeralina, even though they're not actually in love.

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serenade

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Genre that combines elements of chamber music and symphony, often performed in the evening at social functions.

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divertimento

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Genre for chamber ensemble or soloist, often performed as light entertainment.

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Vienna

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Leading musical center of Europe in Classical period.

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libretto

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Text or script of an opera, oratorio, or cantata. Written by a librettist.

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1789-1799

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Dates of the French Revolution.

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piccolo and trombone

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Two new instruments in Classical orchestra.

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Beethoven's Symphony #3 "Eroica"

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Named after Napoleon.

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Prima Donna

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Operatic leading lady.

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The Marriage of Figaro, Don Giovanni, and Cosi fan tutte

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Mozart's three comic operas.

The Classical Era: Music Appreciation (Test #3) – Flashcards

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