The Changing Lives of the People – Post-Industrial – Flashcards

-Until about 1815, these economic and political revolutions were separate -----Involved different paces -----After peace returned in 1815, the situation changed -Economic and political changes tended to fuse -----Reinforcing each other -----Bringing about what historian Eric Hobsbawm has incisively called the dual revolution ----------The growth of the industrial middle class encouraged the drive for representative government ----------The demands of the sans-culotte inspired many socialist thinkers -Gathering strength, the dual revolution rushed on to alter completely first Europe and then the rest of the world

-Positives -----The history of industrialization is probably written better in terms of opportunities, not hardships -Negatives -----It neglects the quality of life in urban areas -----New industrial towns were hard to live it ----------Bad housing ----------Lack of sanitation

-Since the Middle ages, European cities had been centers of government, culture, and large-scale commerce -----They were congested, dirty and unhealthy -----People were packed super tightly -----Walking was the only transportation -----Infectious disease spread with deadly speed -Little could be done to improve these conditions -----Pervasive poverty -----Absence of urban transportation -----Lack of medical knowledge -----Deadly overcrowding

-The Industrial Revolution revealed the deplorable conditions -Each city was using every scrap of land to the fullest extent -----Parks and open areas were almost non-existent -----Buildings were built to hold the most people in the least amount of space ----------Narrow houses with no yard space -----Many people lived in crowded cellars -People were flocking to cities due to the increase in factories from the Industrial Revolution

-A commissioner charged with the administration of relief to paupers -----Benthamite - follower of Jeremy Bentham -Disease and death caused poverty -----Disease could be prevented by cleaning up the urban environment -Collected detailed reports from local poor law officials on the sanitary conditions of the laboring population -----Became the basic of Britain's first public health law -The public health movement won support from other countries -Governments accepted at least limited responsibility for the health of all citizens

-The belief that people contract disease when they breathe the bad odors of decay and poo -They believed this which halted the research of other solutions -Keen observation pinpointed the role of bad drinking water in the transmission of disease -----Suggest that disease was spread through filth not caused by it

-Pasteur -----Germ Theory - Fermentation depended on the growth of living organisms and that the activity of these organisms could be suppressed through heat -Koch -----German country doctor -----Developed pure cultures of harmful bacteria and described their life cycles -----Over 20 years, they could identify many organisms responsible for diseases -Lister -----Saw a connection between arial bacteria and infections in wounds -----Reasoned that a disinfectant applied to a wound would destroy the bacteria

-Urban planning was in decline by the early 19th century but after 1850 its practice was revived -Napoleon III wanted to stand above class conflict and promote the welfare of all this subjects through government action -----Provide employment -----Improve living conditions -----Testify to the empire's growth -Georges Haussmann -----Aggressive and impatient -----Authoritarian planner capable of bulldozing both buildings and opposition

-Cheaper -Faster -Dependable -Comfortable -Service improved dramatically -People could go to work, school or shops without having to walk

-A substantial increase in the standard of living for the average person -The real wages for British workers kept rising -These economic rewards didn't eliminate hardship and poverty -Didn't make the income of the rich and poor more equal -The middle class accounted for less than 20% of the population

-Upper middle class -----More successful in business -----The number of servants you had was important -----Slowly became the upper class -Middle class -----Doctors and lawyers -----Solid and comfortable but lacking great wealth -Lower middle class -----Independent shopkeepers, small traders and tiny manufacturers -The middle classes were loosely united by a certain style of life and culture -----Food was the largest idem on the household budget -----Renting became more popular than buying -----Fashion became more important -----Education was of vital importance -----Shared code of behavior and morality ----------hard work and self-discipline ----------No drunkenness or gambling

-The expansion of industry created a growing demand for education -----Engineering, architectury, chemistry and other jobs became more important -----Established criteria for more advanced training

-80% of the people belonged to the working class at the turn of the century -Many members of the eastern working class were still farmers -----This was not the case in Western Europe -----England 8% -----Germany 25% -----France 50%

-Highly skilled workers became a labor aristocracy -----15% of the working class -----2x the pay of unskilled workers -They were always under long-term pressure -----Many skilled artisans were being replaced by lower-paid semi-skilled factory workers -The labor aristocracy had distinctive values and behaviors -----Committed to the family -----Saved money -----Valued child education -----Economic improvement -They didn't want to be in the middle class but the leaders of the lowest class -----Practiced self-discipline and stern morality -----Frowned on heavy drinking and sexual permissiveness

-Across the face of Europe, drinking remained unquestionably the favorite leisure-time activity of working people -----A sign of social dislocation and popular suffering -The heavy drinking problem decline in the late nineteenth century as to became less acceptable -----Upper working class -----Became more social -Working class activities became centered in taverns -----Couples began to drink together socially -----Women helped civilize drinking -Sports and Music Halls -----Decline in cruel sports -Modern spectator sports became more popular -----Racing and soccer -----Betting was also a big part of this -More people had the desire to become literate -Music halls, vaudeville, middle class opera and classical theater became popular

-The preindustrial pattern of lengthy courtship was dead -----Economic considerations became more important in marriage -Those places that were not touched by industrialization did not experience an illegitimacy explosion -----Strictly religious communities ----------Not because they were forced to but because it was what young people were taught -----Towards the end of the 19th century, the growth of puritanism cause more babies to be born to married women -There was more use of protection by those who were unmarried

-By 1850, the preindustrial pattern of courtship and marriage was gone among the working classes and in its place, the ideal of romantic love had triumphed -Economic considerations in marriage remained important to the middle classes after 1850 -----Marriage was for many families one of life's most crucial financial transactions -----Middle-class men chose to marry late and chose women younger and less experienced -----Mothers who schemed for marriage and guarded her daughter's virginity like credit -----They had usually attained considerable sexual experience with maids or prostitutes

-155,000 women were registered as prostitutes between 1871 and 1903 -Men of all classes visited prostitutes -----More of the middle and upper classes -----Some abided by a code of morality -----Others did not -Men of the higher class purchased both married and unmarried women -For most poor women, it was a natural state of life -----Not permanent employment -----They would go on to marry men and establish families

-Within working-class homes, ties to relatives after marriage were strong -----More important than ties to non-related acquaintances -People turned to their families for help with sickness, unemployment, death and old age -----Unexpected death or desertion could leave people in need of financial aid -----Governments started providing more welfare by 1900 -An older relative might move in to mind the children so the wife could work -Families lived in the same neighborhoods

-After 1850, the husband became the primary wage earners -----Wives stayed home and manage households and kids -Women only worked if they were a part of a poor family -Strict division of labor appeared -----Married women faced injustice if they tried to take a man's job -Married women were subordinated to their husbands by law and lack many basic legal rights -----No legal identity -----Didn't own property -----Unequal custody and divorce rights

-Organizations founded by middle-class feminists campaigned for equal legal rights for women -----Mary Wollstonecraft -----Higher education -----Professional employment -Women inspired by utopian and Marxism socialism argued that the liberation of working-class women would come only with the liberation of the entire working class though revolution -Women's control became stronger throughout Europe -----All major domestic decision were the women's -----Women ruled at home because running the urban household was a complicated, demanding, and valuable task

-Emotional ties deepened within the family with the growing love to their children -----It became more common to breast-feed your own children because it strengthened the relationship between mother and child -Fewer illegitimate babies were abandoned as foundlings -There was a greater concern for old children and adolescents -Women limited their number of children in order to better care for the one's they had -----Less children = more money -Parents often became too concerned for their children and limited their freedom

-Another area of excessive parental concern was the sexual behavior of the child -Masturbation was viewed with horror and viewed as an act of independence and defiance and diet, clothing, games, and sleeping were carefully regulated Attempts to repress the child's sexuality were a source of unhealthy tension -----Made worse by the rigid divisions of sexual roles within the family; usually mother and child loved each other easily -Relations between father and child were difficult as his world of business were far removed for the maternal world -----Fathers were also demanding, often expecting the child to succeed where he himself had failed and making his love conditional on achievement

-Sigmund Freud -----Viennese founder of psychoanalysis -----Formulated an analysis of the explosive dynamics of a family in the late 19th century -----Early childhood experiences where the child had to repress strong feelings affected them in later life -----In particular the comparative relationship between a father and a child versus a mother and a child -Defense mechanism caused children to dislike or even be scared of their fathers -----Working provided an escape from the tensions in the home

-Two aspects of the major changes in Western science and thought stand out -First, the scientific knowledge expanded rapidly, influencing the Western world-view even more profoundly than ever before -----Spurred the creation of new products and new industries -Second, between about the 1840s and the 1890s, European literature underwent a shift from soaring romanticism to tough-minded realism

-Breakthroughs in industrial technology stimulated scientific inquiry as researchers sough to explain theoretically how things worked -----The translation of science into human benefits was known as thermodynamics -----Investigated relationships between heat and mechanical energy -Chemistry and electricity were two other fields characterized by scientific progress -----Dmitri Mendeleev codified the rules of chemistry in the periodic law and the periodic table -----The basic discoveries of Michael Faraday on electromagnetism ----------Opened the way for subsequent development of electric motors, electric lights, and electric streetcars -The triumph of science and technology had at least three significant consequences -----Though ordinary citizens continued to lack scientific knowledge, everyday experience and popularizers impressed the importance of science on popular mind -----As science became more prominent, the philosophical implications of science formulated in the Enlightenment spread to broad sections of the population -----Methods of science acquired unrivaled prestige after 1850 and for many, the union of careful experiment and abstract theory was the only reliable rout to truth and objective reality

-After the 1830s, many thinkers tried to apply the objective methods of science to the study of society—efforts simply perpetuated the critical thinking of the philosophes -----Accessed massive sets of numerical data that had been collected and developed new statistical methods to analyze these facts -Auguste Comte ----------Wrote the System of Positive Philosophy -----Postulated that all intellectual activity progresses ----------The Theological ----------The Metaphysical ----------The Scientific -----By applying the scientific method, sociology would discover the eternal laws of human relations -Charles Lyell -----Discredited the view that earth surface had been formed by sort-lived cataclysms -----Some geological processes that existed slowly formed the earth a long time ago -Jean Baptiste Lamarck -----Asserted that all forms of life had arisen through continuous adjustment to the environment -----His work was flawed in that he believed in the principle of acquired characteristics --Charles Darwin -----Most influential of all nineteenth-century evolutionary thinkers -----Doubted the general belief in the divine creation of species -----Life had gradually evolved from a common ancestral origin -----Natural Selection ----------Variations that prove useful are selected naturally

-Darwin's theory had a powerful and many-sided influence on European thought and the European middle classes -----His findings reinforced the teachings of secularists such as Comte and Marx, who scornfully dismissed religious belief -Herbert Spencer -----Saw the human race as driven forward to ever-greater specialization and progress by the brutal economic struggle -----The poor were the ill-fated weak -----The prosperous were the chosen strong -This was called Social Darwinism

-Realist writers believed that literature should depict life exactly as it was -----They deserted poetry for prose and emotional viewpoint for scientific objectivity -The major realist writers focused their power of observation on contemporary everyday life -----began with a dissection of the middle classes -They strictly believed that heredity and environment determined human behavior -----Good and evil were just social conventions -Emile Zola -----The giant of the realist movement in literature -----Defended his criticized first novel against charges of pornography and corruption of morals -----Zola's literary manifesto articulated the key themes of realism -Honore de Balzac -----The Human Comedy -----Portrays characters from all sectors of French society struggling for wealth and power -Gustave Flaubert -----Madame Bovary -----Portrays middle class as petty and hypocritical -Mary Ann Evans -----Under the pen name George Eliot -----Examined the way people are shaped by their social medium -Leo Tolstoy -----Combined realism in description and character development with an atypical moralizing -----War and Peace -----Fatalistic theory of history -----Central message was one of human love, trust, and everyday family ties are life's enduring values