TEST 4 REVIEW Test Answers - Flashcards

Q: Schools are responsible for transmitting culture. Which of the following statements illustrates this point?

Chinese schools are teaching its students about China\'s crucial involvement in defeating Japan during World War 2 instead of U.S. contributions.

question

The four collegiate subcultures are only types you would encounter on a college campus.

answer

False

question

Critics of the hidden curriculum are concerned that

answer

discipline takes precedence over the learning process

question

Which sociologist was perhaps the first sociologist to recognize the critical importance of religion in human societies?

answer

Emile Durkheim

question

Numerous sociological studies have revealed that additional years of formal schooling are associated with which of the following?

answer

openness to new ideas more liberal social viewpoints more liberal political viewpoints **all of these

question

Giving meaning to the divine and defining the spiritual world are part of religion's

answer

manifest functions

question

Which perspective would opponents of school prayer and creationism draw upon when they are concerned about children facing enormous social pressure to conform to the beliefs and practices of the majority?

answer

interactionism

question

Which sociological perspective views education as an instrument of elite domination?

answer

conflict perspective

question

Which U.S. President created the Office of Faith-Based and Community Initiatives to give socially active religious groups access to government funding?

answer

George W. Bush

question

Schools are responsible for transmitting culture. Which of the following statements illustrates this point?

answer

Chinese schools are teaching its students about China's crucial involvement in defeating Japan during World War 2 instead of U.S. contributions.

question

A sect is a

answer

relatively small religious group that has broken away from some other religious organization to renew what it views as the original vision of the faith

question

In which of the following ways are Christianity and Islam similar?

answer

both are monotheistic both believe in an afterlife both include a belief in prophets **all of these

question

Which one of the following points did sociologist Robin Williams make regarding better-educated people?

answer

they hold more diverse opinions they possess the ability to make subtle distinctions in analysis they have greater access to factual information **all of these

question

Which sociological perspective emphasizes that the common identity and social integration fostered by education contributes to overall societal stability and consensus?

answer

functionalist perspective

question

Japanese students are offered guidance sessions to improve the classroom experience and instill values useful in the Japanese business world. These sessions are an example of a

answer

hidden curriculum

question

Which sociologist(s) argued that capitalism requires a skilled, disciplined labor force, and that the educational system of the United States is structured with that objective in mind?

answer

Samuel Bowles and Harold Gintis

question

Women account for 39 percent of students enrolled in theological institutions but compose what percentage of U.S. clergy?

answer

14.8%

question

What term did Max Weber use to refer to a disciplined work ethic, this-worldly concerns, and a rational orientation to life emphasized by John Calvin and his followers?

answer

the Protestant ethic

question

The nonconformist subculture focuses on socializing and having fun instead of attending classes.

answer

False

question

Which sociological perspective portrays contemporary education as basically benign-for example, it argues that schools rationally sort and select students for future high-status positions, thereby meeting society's need for talented and expert personnel?

answer

functionalist perspective

question

While it is difficult to achieve accurate measurements, what is the estimate for how many Muslims are living in the United States?

answer

1.5 million to 2.4 million

question

Secularization is the

answer

process through which religion's influence on other social institutions diminishes.

question

What is tracking?

answer

the practice of placing students in specific curriculum groups on the basis of test scores and other criteria

question

One criticism of standardized tests used by NCLB is the validity and reliability of such tests.

answer

True

question

Creationism

answer

the belief that the universe and living organisms originate from specific acts of divine creation, as in the biblical account, rather than by natural processes such as evolution

question

Denomination

answer

a large, organized religion that is not officially linked to the state or government

question

Ecclesia

answer

a religious organization that claims to include most or all members of society and is recognized as the national or official religion

question

Established sect

answer

a religious group that is the outgrowth of a sect, yet remains isolated from society

question

Fundamentalism

answer

an emphasis on doctrinal conformity and the literal interpretation of sacred texts

question

Intelligent design

answer

the theory that life, or the universe, cannot have arisen by chance and was designed and created by some intelligent entity.

question

Liberation theology

answer

use of a church, primarily Roman Catholic, in a political effort to eliminate poverty, discrimination, and other forms of injustice from a secular society

question

Cult

answer

a relatively small group of people having religious beliefs or practices regarded by others as strange or sinister.

question

Profane

answer

the ordinary and commonplace elements of life, as distinguished from the sacred

question

Protestant ethic

answer

Max Weber's term for the disciplined work ethic, this-worldly concerns, and rational orientation to life emphasized by John Calvin and his followers

question

Religion

answer

A unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things

question

Religious ritual

answer

a practice required or expected of members of a faith

question

Sacred

answer

elements beyond everyday life that inspire awe, respect, and even fear

question

Sect

answer

a relatively small religious group that has broken away from some other religious organization to renew what it considers the original vision of the faith

question

Seculariztion

answer

the process through which religion's influence on other social institutions diminishes

question

Which two theorists were responsible for the development of socialism?

answer

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

question

The authority of the president and the Congress of the U.S. is based on traditional authority, according to the classification system developed by Max Weber.

answer

False

question

The U.S. has considered a national health care system that would guarantee medical coverage to all citizens as a basic human right. The government's involvement in providing health care for all citizens is characteristic of which type of economic system?

answer

socialism

question

Affirmative action is defined as

answer

positive efforts to recruit minority group members or women for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities

question

A decline in political participation allows governments to

answer

operate with less accountability.

question

Communism is an economic system in which

answer

all property is communally owned and no social distinctions are made on the basis of people's ability to produce.

question

The social institution that relies on a recognized set of procedures for implementing and achieving the goals of a group is called a (an)

answer

political system.

question

As described by C Wright Mills, the "power elite" is

answer

the group that stands at the top of the power structure in the U.S.

question

One common point between the elite and pluralist perspective is that power is unequally distributed within the U.S. political system.

answer

True

question

When a corporation in the U.S. relocates its plants to a country where prevailing wages are lower than in the U.S., this is the final stage of

answer

deindustrialization

question

Utilizing Erving Goffman's dramaturgical approach, Alfred McClung Lee has suggested that terrorism

answer

is similar to the theater, in that certain scenes are played out in a predictable fashion.

question

How much did it cost for Barack Obama to run and be elected President of the United States?

answer

$745 million

question

Which sociologist supported the pluralist model as the basis for power on the community level?

answer

Robert Dahl

question

The English term "democracy" comes from which language

answer

Greek

question

Max Weber defined force as

answer

the actual or threatened use of coercion to impose one's will on others.

question

Which sociological perspective would be likely to suggest that in the changing face of the workforce, workers will find themselves supervising and being supervised by people very different from themselves?

answer

interactionist perspective

question

What percentage of eligible voters in the U.S. voted in the 2008 presidential election?

answer

62 percent

question

A monopoly is

answer

the control of a market by a single business firm

question

Downsizing refers to reductions in

answer

a company's workforce.

question

In a society based on charismatic authority, leaders derive their authority from

answer

their exceptional personal or emotional appeal

question

Which group has a particularly low voter turnout

answer

the poor members of racial and ethnic minorities young adults **all of these

question

Capitalism and socialism serve as ideal types of economic systems.

answer

True

question

Transfers of money, goods, or services that take place but are not reported to the government are referred to as

answer

an informal economy.

question

Authority

answer

institutionalized power that is recognized by the people over whom it is exercised

question

Capitalism

answer

an economic system in which the means of production are held largely in private hands and the main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profits

question

Communism

answer

as an ideal type, an economic system under which all property is communally owned and no social distinctions are made on the basis of people's ability to produce

question

Democracy

answer

in a literal sense, government by the people

question

Downsizing

answer

reductions taken in a company's workforce as part of deindustrialization

question

Economic system

answer

the social institution through which goods and services are produced, distributed, and consumed

question

Elite model

answer

a view of society as being ruled by a small group of individuals who share a common set of political and economic interests

question

Informal economy

answer

transfers of money, goods, or services that are not reported to the government

question

Monopoly

answer

control of a market by a single business firm

question

Pluralist model

answer

a view of society in which many competing groups within the community have access to the government, so that no single group is dominant

question

Political system

answer

the social institution that is founded on a recognized set of procedures for implementing and achieving society's goals

question

Power

answer

the ability to exercise one's will over others

question

Representative democracy

answer

a form of government in which certain individuals are selected to speak for the people

question

Socialism

answer

an economic system under which the means of production and distribution are collectively owned

question

Totalitarianism

answer

virtually complete government control and surveillance over all aspects of a society's social and political life.

question

Which of the following is a reason for why U.S. researchers and medical personnel have begun to recognize not everyone views medicine in the same way?

answer

doctors reaching out to immigrant communities recent increases in immigration increased cultural training for medical personnel **all of these

question

Which area of study is concerned with the interrelationships among people in their spatial setting and physical environment?

answer

human ecology

question

The medicalization of society refers to

answer

the growing role of medicine as a major institution of social control.

question

Medicine serves as an agent of social control by retaining absolute jurisdiction over many healthcare procedures.

answer

True

question

The infant mortality rate is the number of deaths of infants under one year old per how many live births in a given year?

answer

1,000

question

What percent of U.S. citizens ages 65 and over are afflicted by Alzheimer's disease?

answer

13 percent

question

The rate of alcoholism mortality among Native Americans served by the Indian Health Service is how many times higher than that of the U.S. general population?

answer

5 times

question

Critics of the functionalist view of the sick role suggest

answer

the sick role is more applicable to those with short-term illness than reoccurring long-term illness. employment will affect one's willingness to assume the sick role. judgments regarding one's health is related to factors of age, class, gender, and ethnic group. **all of these

question

The World Health Organization estimates that up to how many premature deaths per year could be prevented if air pollutants were brought down to safer levels?

answer

700,000

question

Which of the following is true about the healthcare Latinos receive?

answer

Latinos are more likely to seek treatment in clinics and emergency rooms.

question

Which sociologist suggests a capitalist system creates a "treadmill of production" because of its inherent need to build ever-expanding profits?

answer

Allan Schnaiberg

question

Prevalence refers to the

answer

number of new cases of a specific disorder occurring within a given population during a stated period of time.

question

By the year 2018, total expenditures for health care in the U.S. are expected to exceed what figure?

answer

$4.4 trillion

question

How many years did it take for Medicare to become so expensive that the federal government introduced a price-control system?

answer

18 years

question

Today, the U.S. has about 27 physicians per 10,000 people while African nations have fewer than how many physicians per 10,000 people?

answer

1

question

Which area in the world contains the highest number of people living with HIV/AIDS?

answer

Sub-Saharan Africa

question

The fear of contracting AIDS probably has led to changes in sexual behavior in the U.S. among both homosexuals and heterosexuals. Which sociological perspective would focus on these changes in sexual relationships?

answer

interactionist perspective

question

What reason do skeptics provide for why 43 percent of the people who live within 1 mile of hazardous waste treatment facilities in the U.S. do so?

answer

They like to live there due to low housing prices.

question

Which sociological perspective suggests that the term "medicalization of society" refers to the growing role of medicine as a major institution of social control?

answer

conflict perspective

question

Your textbook refers to "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity" as

answer

health

question

Worldwide, 2.5 billion people do not have acceptable means of sanitation.

answer

True

question

As of 2005, how much bottled water did the U.S. consume annually?

answer

7.5 billion gallons

question

Which type of medicine refers to therapies in which the health care practitioner considers the person's physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual characteristics?

answer

holistic

question

Which of the following would be a cultural challenge to medicine for Ethiopians and Eritreans?

answer

may blame sorcery for miscarriages

question

Brain drain

answer

the immigration to the United States and other industrialized nations of skilled workers, professionals, and technicians who are desperately needed in their home countries

question

Culture-bound syndrome

answer

a disease that cannot be understood without the specific social context

question

Environmental justice

answer

a disease that cannot be understood without the specific social context

question

Health

answer

a disease that cannot be understood without the specific social context

question

Holistic medicine

answer

therapies in which the health care practitioner considers the person's physical, mental, emotional, spiritual characteristics

question

Human ecology

answer

an area of study that is concerned with the interrelationships between people and their environment

question

Indicence

answer

the number of new cases of a specific disorder that occur within a given population during a stated period

question

Infant mortality rate

answer

the number of deaths per year of infants under 1 year old per 1,000 live births in a given year

question

McDonaldization

answer

the process through which the principles of fast-food restaurants are coming to dominate more and more sectors of society

question

Morbidity rate

answer

the incidence of disease in a given population

question

Mortality rate

answer

the incidence of death in a given population

question

Prevalence

answer

the total number of cases of a specific disorder that exist at a given time

question

Sickrole

answer

societal expectations about the attitudes and behavior of a person viewed as being ill

question

Which of the following illustrates relative deprivation?

answer

middle management workers in a corporation who are discontented because they cannot afford the luxury cars or expensive homes that their bosses have

question

False consciousness is defined as

answer

attitudes that do not reflect the objective position of workers

question

Karl Marx suggested human society will move toward the final stage of a classless society through a socialist revolution.

answer

True

question

Which sociological perspective views transnational migration as having increased the economic gulf between developed and developing nations?

answer

conflict theory

question

The most all-encompassing type of collective behavior is/are

answer

social movements.

question

Which of the following is an example of material culture?

answer

technology

question

Which term is used by sociologists to refer to organized collective activities aimed at bringing about fundamental changes in existing society?

answer

social movements

question

Consistent with Immanuel Wallerstein's world system analysis, peripheral nations connecting to the Internet are required to depend on industrial giants such as North America and Europe to serve as their

answer

Internet hosts

question

Young people who have grown up surfing the web seem to accept the existence of "cookies" and "spyware" they may pick up while surfing.

answer

True

question

Large families are no longer economically necessary, nor are they commonly endorsed by social norms, but certain religious faiths continue to extol large families and disapprove of using contraception to limit family size. This example illustrates

answer

culture lag.

question

Which theory of social change holds that society is moving in a definite direction?

answer

evolutionary theory

question

Which term refers to the conscious feeling of a negative discrepancy between legitimate expectations and present actualities?

answer

relative deprivation

question

According to conflict theorists, those with vested interests in preventing social change will often include

answer

corporations

question

Which statement about the industrial revolution is true?

answer

Some people were resistant to the technological and social changes associated with the industrial revolution.

question

By 2010, almost _______ people were connected to the Internet

answer

2 billion

question

Social change is defined as

answer

significant alteration over time in behavior patterns and culture, including norms and values

question

Which sociological perspective argues that when changes occur in one part of a society, there must be adjustments in other parts, and if these adjustments do not occur, the society's equilibrium may be threatened?

answer

functionalist perspective

question

The Internet evolved from a computer system built by the U.S. Defense Department in

answer

1962

question

Which term does Karl Marx use to describe the change that human society will move toward in the development of social change?

answer

socialist revolution

question

During the late 1960s, hippies tried to remake the United States. They wanted to substitute peace, brotherhood and sisterhood, and love and cooperation for the characteristics of capitalist society. Conflict theory would suggest they were engaged in a (an)

answer

socialist revolution

question

In Talcott Parsons's equilibrium model, the incorporation of groups that were previously excluded because of their race, ethnicity, and social class is known as

answer

inclusion

question

Which sociologist has noted that the functionalist perspective's emphasis on stability and the conflict perspective's focus on change reflect the contradictory nature of society?

answer

Ralf Dahrendorf

question

Culture lag

answer

a period of maladjustment when the nonmaterial culture is still struggling to adapt to the new material conditions

question

Equilbrium model

answer

the functionalist view that society tends toward a state of stability or balance

question

Evolutionary theory

answer

a theory of social change that holds that society is moving in a definite direction

question

Relative deprivation

answer

the conscious feeling of a negative discrepancy between legitimate expectations and present actualities

question

Resource mobilization

answer

the ways in which a social movement utilizes such resources as money, political influence, access to the media, and personnel

question

Social change

answer

significant alteration over time in behavior patterns and culture, including norms and values

question

Social movement

answer

an organized collective activity to bring about or resist fundamental change in an existing group or society

question

Technology

answer

cultural information about the ways in which the material resources of the environment may be used to satisfy human needs and desires

question

Vested interests

answer

those people or groups who will suffer in the event of social change, and who have a stake in maintaining the status quo

TEST 4 REVIEW Test Answers – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards