Test 4 College Biology (genetics)
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Gregor Mendel
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father of genetics not a biologist studied pea plant traits used math to interpret his results discovered basic pattern of genetics
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Monohybrid Cross
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cross of 2 purebred parental plants differing in 1 trait
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Mendel's conclusions
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there are dominant and recessive traits units responsible for inheritance occur in pairs
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Gene
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unit of inheritance, section of DNA that controls a trait
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Allele
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different forms of a gene
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Genome
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all the genes of an organism
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Phenotype
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physical appearance of a traits, how genotype is expressed
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Genotype
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Genetic composition that controls a trait
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Homozygous
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genotype, 2 of the same allele (PP)
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Heterozygous
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genotype, 2 different alleles (Pp)
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Pedigrees
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used to map a certain trait through a family
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Complete dominance
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1 dominant allele; 1 recessive allele
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Incomplete dominance
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Heterozygotes show an intermediate phenotype(mixed) red flower(RR) x white flower(rr) = pink flower (Rr) no dominant allele
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Codominance
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both traits show in heterozygotes
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Multiple alleles
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more than 2 alleles for a trait
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Pleiotropy
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alleles affect multiple phenotypes ex. allele respoibsibe for siamese cats' coloration pattern also affects the trait of crossed eyes
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Determination of phenotype
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single allele, two alleles, several genes, physical environment
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Epistasis
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expression of one gene is determined by another ex. lab coloration (black, chocolate, yellow) is the lab has pigment it will black or chocolate, if there is no pigment the lab will be yellow. Having pigment is a separate gene
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Heterosis
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Heterozygotes show more vigor than homozygotes homozygotes have more harmful recessive traits (inbreeding causes more homozygotes)
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Environmental affects
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Light, temperature, and nutrition can affect phenotypes
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Thomas Morgan
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studied fruit flies genes and chromosomes are responsible for complex genetics that does not follow simple mendelian genetics
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Linked genes
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genes on the same chromosome passed on together (not passed on together when separated by crossing over)
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Sex chromosomes
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X and y chromosomes male- XY female- XX
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Autosomes
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all chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes
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Hemizygous
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males sex chromosomes (1 X 1 Y) different not 2 X chromosomes to cover each others bad traits (like females)
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Sex-linked genes
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males inherit all x-linked genes from mother(no mixing of maternal and paternal genes) y-linked genes are passed only from father to son
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Plastid and Mitochondrial genes
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have their own DNA DNA controls functions usually inherit from mother
