Test 2 Review Test Questions – Flashcards
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| culturing microorganisms |
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| inovulsyion, invubsyion, idolsyion, inspection, and identification |
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| Inoculation |
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| the introduction of a microorganism to a medium |
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| Isolation |
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| the separation of one particular cell to create a colony |
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| Media |
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| classified by: physical state, chemical composition, and purpose, functional type. |
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| physical states of media |
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| liquid (nutrient broth); semisolid (agar or gelatin) |
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| fastidious |
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| bacteria that require growth factors and complex nutrients (pH) |
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| Staphylococcus (exceptions?) |
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| grows well in mannitol salt agar, high concentration of NaCl(7.5%); quite inhibitory to most human pathogens |
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| Bile salts (MacConkey agar) |
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| inhibit gram-positive but permit gram-negative; used to isolate intestinal pathogens |
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| Reducing media |
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| absorbs oxygen thus slows penetration of oxygen in medium; important for growing anaerobic bacteria &/or determining the O req's of isolates |
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| Incubation |
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| when a inoculated medium is encouraged to multiply in a specific setting |
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| Inspection |
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| determining if the sample is pure (axenic), mixed, or contaminated |
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| Identification |
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| determining exactly what colony(ies) were grown |
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| Cellular Organization of Prokaryotic Cell |
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| External (Appendages: flagella, pili, fimbriae --Glycocalyx: Capsule (slime layer); Cell envelope (, cell wall, cell membrane); Internal (Cytoplasm, ribosomes, inclusions, nucleoid/chromosome, Actin cytoskeleton, endospore) |
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| Prokaryotes |
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| do not have nucleus, no histones, unique cell wall made of peptidoglycan, no organelles, only some have internal membrane |
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| Eukaryotes |
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| have nucleus, DNA wind around histones, have organelles in cytoplasm |
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| Archae |
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| tough walls made up of other chemicals |
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| Glycocalyx |
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| external to cell wall (made up of layer of molecules); serves as protective, adhesive, and receptor |
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| Baterial chromosome or nucleoid |
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| made up of condensed DNA; directs genetics, heredity, and codes proteins |
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| Pilus |
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| appendage; transfers DNA to other cells |
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| Plasmid |
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| doulble-stranded DNA circle containing extra genes |
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| Ribosomes |
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| composed of protein and RNA; protein synthesizers |
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| Actin cytoskeleton |
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| proteins that encircle the cell just inside the membrane; for structure/shape |
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| Flagellum |
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| specialized appendage attached by basal body; Movement |
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| Fimbriae |
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| hair-like; for adhesion to other cells & absorption of nutrients |
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| Inclusion/Granule |
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| store nutrients for later use |
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| Cell wall |
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| casing that provides structural support and shape |
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| Cell (cytoplasmic) membrane |
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| lipid and protein sheet that surrounds cytoplasm; controls flow of materials in and out of cell pool |
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| Outer membrane |
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| extra membrane containing lipopolysaccharides; controls flow of materials, can be toxic to mammals |
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| Endospore |
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| dormant body; formed to allow survival in adverse conditions |
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| Cytoplasm |
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| water-based solution fills cell |
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| Bacteria |
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| all have cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and chromosome(s) |
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| Appendages |
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| absorption |
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| Polar flagella arrangement |
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| attached at one or both ends; three subtypes: mono-(one), lopho-(bunches at same site), and amphi- (both poles) trichous |
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| Flagellum |
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| for motility; three parts: hook, filament, and basal body (point of attachment); vary in polar and peritrichous arrangements |
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| Chemotaxis |
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| positive or negative movement of a cell in a favorable direction |
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| Run |
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| smooth linear direction towards stimulus |
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| Tumble |
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| reverse direction of flagella and causes cell to stop and change course |
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| Phototaxis |
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| movement in response to light |
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| Gram-positive |
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| structure like open faced sandwich; two layers, thick cell wall (peptidoglycans) and cytoplasmic membrane |
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| Gram-negative |
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| complete sandwich structure; three layers: outer, cell wall, and cytoplasmic membrane |
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| Mycoplasma |
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| bacteria lacking cell wall |
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| Mycoplasma pneumoniae |
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| most important medical species; adheres to epithelial cells in lung, cuases atypical form of pneumonia |
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| Bacterial choromosome |
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| single circlular strand in which hereditary material exists |
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| Nucleoid |
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| houses DNA in bacteria; aggregated dense area of cell |
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| Plasmids |
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| non-essential pieces of DNA |
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| Cell Shapes |
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| coccus (spherical), bacillus (cylindrical), vibrio (gently curved), spirillum (slightly curled or spiral shaped cylinder); pleomorphism(species often vary in shape and size) |
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| Taxonomic Scheme (major divisions) |
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| Gracilicutes (gram-neg); Fimicutes (gram-pos); Tenericutes (lack cell wall/soft); and Medosicutes (archae, w/unusual everything) |
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| Aerobic |
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| use oxygen to metabolize |
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| Anaerobic |
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| do not use oxygen to metabolize |
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| Facultative bacteria |
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| may or may not use oxygen to metabolize |
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| Essential nutrient |
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| any substance that must be provided to an organism |
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| Inorganic nutrient |
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| simple molecule/atom that does not contain H or C |
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| Oranic nutrients |
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| contain C and H and are usually products of living things |
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| Escherichia coli |
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| intestinal bacterium |
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| Principle Elements |
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| C, O, N, H, P, and S |
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| Heterotroph |
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| organism that must obtain its carbon in an organic form |
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| autotroph |
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| "self-feeder"; uses inorganic CO2 as its carbon source; not dependent on living things |
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| Nitrogen |
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| 79% of earth's atmosphere; need to be converted into basic building blocks or NH3(the only form that can be directly combined with C to synthesize amino acids) |
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| Hydrogen performs roles of |
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| maintaining pH, forming hydrogen bonds, source of free energy in oxy-reduc reations of respiration |
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| Phosphorus |
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| found in ATP; serves in cellular energy transfers |
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| Photoautotroph |
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| energy source: sunlight; eg. algae |
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| Chemoautotroph |
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| energy source: simple inorganic chemicals; eg. deep-sea vent bacteria |
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| Chemoheterotroph |
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| energy source: metaabolic conversion from other organisms; eg. protozoa, fungi |
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| Saprobe |
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| energy source: metabolizing the organi matter of dead organisms; eg. fungi, bacteria |
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| Parasite |
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| energy source: utilizing live host; eg. bacteria, fungi, protozoa, animals |
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| Photoheterotroph |
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| energy source: sunlight; eg. purple and green bacteria |
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| Growth factor |
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| an organic compound that must be provided a certain nutrient to synthesize |
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| isotonic |
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| environment is equal in solute concentration |
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| Hypotonic |
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| solute concentration of external environment is lower than that of cell's internal (bloats) |
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| Hypertonic |
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| the environment has a higher solute concentration than the cytoplasm |
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| Facilitated diffusion |
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| bonding of a molecule that causes changes which facilitate the molecule's passage across the membrane and make the cell release the molecule |
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| Active transport |
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| transport or nutrients again the diffusion gradient; presence of specific membrane proteins and pumps; and the expenditure of energy |
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| Optimum temperature |
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| promotes the fastest rate of growth and metabolism |
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| Psychrophile |
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| microorganism that has an optimum temp. below 15C and is capable of growth at 0C |
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| Mesophiles |
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| organisms that grow at intermediate temperatures (20C-40C) |
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| Thermophiles |
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| grow optimally at temps greater than 45C |
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| Red snow |
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| Chlamydomonas nivalis; classified as a "green" alga, but most times is red pigmented |
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| pH of organisms |
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| majority between 6 and 8 |
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| Osmophiles |
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| live in habitats with high solute concentration |
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| Halophiles |
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| perfer high concentrations of salt |
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| Barophiles |
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| exist under extreme pressures |
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| Symbiosis |
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| two organism live together in a partnership |
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| Mutualism |
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| exists in organisms that benefit from obligatorily with each other |
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| Commensalism |
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| receieves benefits while is coinhabitant is neutral |
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| Satellitism |
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| one member provides nutritional or protective factors needed by the other |
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| Synergism |
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| interrelationship between two or more free-living organism that benefit them but is not necessary for their survival |
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| Biofilms |
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| 80% of chronic infections |
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| Lag phase |
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| when a population appears not to be growing or is gwoing at less than the exponential rate (stage 1 normal growth curve) |
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| Exponential growth phase |
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| phase continues upwards as long as cells meet their needs; maximum rate of cell division (stage 2 normal growth curve) |
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| Staionary growth phase |
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| population enters survival mode; cells stop growing or slowly (stage 3 normal growth curve) |
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| Death phase |
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| when limiting factors intensify and death of cells occurs |
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| Turbid |
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| when a nutrient solution becomes cloudy because of growing microbes |
