Test 1 – Microbiology – Flashcards
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| Central Dogma |
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| DNA --> RNA --> Protein |
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| Reasons to use microorganisms |
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| life processes: metabolic functions starting with genetic code Ease of use Quick generation times Cheap |
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| Bad microorganisms |
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| Infectious diseases |
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| Good microorganisms |
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| Food, drugs, medicine, gardens, biotechnology |
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| Ecosystem |
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| Association of microbial communities |
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| Evolution |
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| Earth was originally anoxic |
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| Anoxic |
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| No oxygen, carbon and nitrogen were predominant |
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| What was on earth originally |
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| Anaerobic microorganisms, Cyanobacteria |
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| L.U.C.A |
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| Last universal common ancestor |
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| Pathogens |
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| Anything with the ability to cause human disease |
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| Robert Hook |
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| First to observe microorganisms, fruiting structures of mold |
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| Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek |
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| Built the first microscope |
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| Ferdinand Cohn |
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| Discovered the bacterial endospores, bacillus anthracis, clostridium botulinum and tetanus |
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| Louis Pasteur |
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| Disproved spontaneous generation, pasteurization in foods |
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| Robert Koch |
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| Observed presence of bacteria in blood of infected animals (germ theory), 4 postulates |
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| Martinus Biejernick |
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| Enrichment culture techniques, adjustment of nutrient conditions |
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| Sergei Winogradsky |
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| DIscovered nitrifying and sulfur bacteria , discovered concept of nitrogen fixation, Winogradsky column |
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| Light microscope |
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| Low magnitude, cheap, little training |
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| ELectron microscope |
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| High magnitude, look at cells and subcells organs, special training, very expensive |
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| Lenses |
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| How close you can get |
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| Resolution |
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| How clear it is |
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| Cell membrane |
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| Permeable barrier |
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| Cytoplasm |
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| Interior aqueous environment that all cellular and molecular components reside in |
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| Cell wall |
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| Rigid structure usually composed of some kind of polysaccharide with proteins embedded here and there |
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| Distinguishing characteristic of membrane bound organells |
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| Nucleous |
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| Nucleous |
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| Only in eukaryotes, site of DNA replication, and transcription |
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| Where do transcription and translation occur in prokaryotes |
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| Cytoplasm |
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| Viruses |
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| Not, considered living, smaller than bacteria, requires host to replicate and change, can DNA or RNA, no metabolic capabilities without host |
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| Gene |
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| Particular stretch of DNA |
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| Genome |
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| Collective arrangement of genes |
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| Prokaryote genomes |
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| Mostly circular, single genome with single copy, forms nucleoid Gene --> Chromosome --> Genome |
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| Plasmids |
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| Contain nonessential genes, codes for special advantages, can have multiple plasmids |
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| Eukaryotic genomes |
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| Linear DNA, vary in numbers, organized chromosomes, typically diploid |
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| 3 domains of life |
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| Bacteria, eukarya, archaea |
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| Microbial diversity |
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| Different requirements for acquiring energy, results in different metabolic strategy to conserving energy |
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| 3 sources of energy used |
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| Organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, light energy |
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| Organic chemical energy |
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| Chemoorganotrophs |
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| Chemoorganotrophs |
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| Conserve energy from organic compounds, ATP, oxygen requirements |
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| Inorganic chemical energy |
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| Chemolithotrophs |
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| Chemolithotrophs |
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| Oxidation of inorganic compound to store energy in form of ATP, only in prokaryotes |
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| Light energy |
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| Phototrophs |
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| Phototrophs |
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| Contain pigments capable of capturing the light energy from the sun |
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| Two major phototrophs |
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| Cyanobacteria- algae Anoxygenic- green bacteria |
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| Carbon sources |
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| C,H,N,O,P,S |
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| Heterotrophs energy source |
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| Chemoorganotrophs |
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| Autotrophs energy source |
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| Metabolize organic material Chemolithotrophs phototrophs |
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| Ubiquitous |
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| Found in every environment |
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| Extreme conditions |
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| Microorganisms exist (survive/thrive) under conditions that would not usually support life |
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| Survive |
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| Not dye out, ex: go dormant |
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| Thrive |
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| Living in optimal environment |
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| Proteobacteria |
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| All three types of energy sourcing, primative mitochondria |
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| Gram-Positive Bacteria |
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| Stain purple, thick peptidoglycan cell wall |
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| Cyanobacteria |
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| Phylogenetically most closely related to gram pos, oxygenic phototrophs |
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| Spherical/cocci |
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| Most gram-pos |
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| Rod/bacilli |
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| Most gram-neg |
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| Colony morphology |
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| How to describe colonies on plates |
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| Saturated |
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| Single bonded C and H chains, less fluid |
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| Unsaturated |
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| C and H chain with a double bond, more fluid |
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| Side chains |
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| More fluid, less dense so don't pack as well |
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| Cytoplasmic membrane |
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| General composition is a phospholipid bilayer , charged heads with fatty acid tails |
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| Membrane function |
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| Permeable membrane, hydrophobic barrier, charged ions cannot diffuse through |
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| Membrane Protein |
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| Have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic, firmly embedded proteins or attached to the surface |
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| Phobic |
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| Protein in |
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| Philic |
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| Protein on surface |
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| Functional domains |
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| Outer surface interacts with substrates, inner surface interacts with proteins and cytoplasmic membrane |
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| Transport Proteins |
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| Work against the conc gradient, functionally import and export molecules across membrane, required energy |
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| Uniporter |
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| One molecule going in or out |
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| Symporter |
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| Two coming in or two going out |
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| Antiporter |
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| Two molecules, one goes in and one comes out |
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| Simple transporter (uni, sym) |
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| Just goes in/ just goes out, energy dependent, uses protein motive force |
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| Group transporter |
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| Chemical modification of product going in,phosphotransferase system |
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| ABC transporter |
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| ATP binding class, hydrolyzing ATP |
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| Protein export |
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| Transporters function to bring something in |
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| Cell Wall |
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| Lots of transport of different compounds and molecules, highly charged, significant gradient |
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| Plasmolysis |
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| Comes from side cell wall with water chains |
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| Peptidoglycan |
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| The cell wall in bacteria cells, sugar molecules and amino acids |
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| Gram-Pos |
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| Typically have a single, thick layer of peptidoglycan |
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| Gram-Neg |
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| Complex cell wall, which consists of a outer membrane, and a thin layer of peptidoglycan and an inner membrane |
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| X-axis |
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| Glycosidic bonds |
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| Y-axis |
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| Peptide bonds |
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| Teichoic acid |
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| Covalently bonded to NAM, neg a charges of the phosphate contributes to overall neg charge of the cell wall |
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| Periplasmic place |
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| The space in gram negative that surrounds the peptidoglycan, cellular envelope, contains important proteins |
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| LPS |
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| Responsible for the core, and O-polysaccharide, very antigenic |
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| Outer membrane |
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| Lipid bilayer is composed of LPS layer and a typical inner phospholipid bilayer |
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| Porins |
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| Span across the whole membrane, more nonspecific than transporters |
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| Bacillus |
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| Anthracis/Cereus/Subtilis |
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| Clostridium |
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| Tetani/Botulinum |
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| Capsules and slime |
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| Sticky secretion on bacterial surface used as protection |
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| Fimbriae and pili |
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| Attachment, conjuction, motility |
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| Subcellular Storage Components |
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| Carbon storage goes to energy |
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| Magnetosomes |
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| Bacteria are able to align with magnetic fields |
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| Gas Vessels |
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| Visualized of blooms, as they feel the sun they float to the surface |
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| Endospores |
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| Formed during process called sporulation under unfavorable condition |
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| Dipicolinic acid |
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| Found only in spores, binds to H2O to dehydrate spore |
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| SASPs |
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| Small acid soluble proteins, tightly bind DNA, carbon and energy source |
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| Sporulation |
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| Occurs only with environmental stress |
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| Chemotaxis |
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| Response to chemicals |
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| Quorum sensing |
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| Form of specialization, senses the other "siblings" in area to start producing the effect |
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| Brownian |
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| Flows from high to low density |
