Term 3 – Chemistry – Flashcards
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| What are the two types of energy and why are they unique? |
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kinetic energy or energy that is in motion potential energy or stored energy |
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| How is heat measured? |
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| Heat, q, is measured in calories and in a hot to cold flow |
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| What is a calorie? |
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| A calorie is the amount of energy needed to raise to raise the temperature of 1g of water 1°C |
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| What is specific heat and what is the formula? |
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| Specific heat is the amount of energy that it takes to raise any substances temperature 1°C, with the formula being q=mCΔT, where m is mass measured in grams |
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| When is energy exothermic? |
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| Energy is exothermic when heat is released, it feels hot, and there is a negative sign |
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| When is energy endothermic? |
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| Energy is endothermic when energy is absorbed, it feels cold, and it is a positive sign |
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| What is fusion and what is its ΔH? |
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| Fusion is melting and has a ΔH of 6.01kJ/mol |
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| What is vaporization and what is its ΔH? |
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| Vaporization is changing a liquid to a gas and its ΔH is 40.7 kJ/mol |
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| What is Hess's Law or calculating Enthalpy? |
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| Hess's Law is the total enthalpy in a system is equal to the sum of the steps of the reaction. It is a way to calculate the change in enthalpy. The key to this is when you flip be sure to flip the sign of the ΔH as well. |
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| What is spontaneity? |
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| Something which occurs without outside intervention |
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| What is entropy? |
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| Entropy is a factor that helps determine if something will be spontaneous. |
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| What is ΔS? |
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| This is the molecular randomness or disorder. When it is positive, there is more disorder, and when it is negative, there is less order. |
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| How do you predict changes in spontaneity? |
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1. Changes in state *s -> l ΔS = + *g -> l ΔS = - 2. Dissolving gas *ΔS = - 3. Increasing the number of gas particles *ΔS = + 4. Dissolving solid *ΔS = + 5. Increasing temperature *ΔS = + |
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| What is free energy and what is its formula? |
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Free energy is whether or not something is spontaneous ΔG = ΔH - TΔS |
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| What is equilibrium? |
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| Equilibrium is a state of dynamic balance |
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| What does it mean to be far right or far left and what color is each of these? |
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| To be far right means you have more products and is generally a lighter color. To be far left means you have more reactants and is generally a darker color |
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| What is dynamic balance? |
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| Dynamic Balance is where there is no change that is apparent with the motion of the reaction because of the change in rate. |
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| What is the equilibrium's constant and expression? |
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jA + kB ;-; lC + mD K=[C]l[D]m/[A]j[B]k |
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| What happens with constants for homogeneous equilibria and heterogeneous equilibria? |
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| Homogeneous equilibria is when all reactants and products are in the same physical state. ;Heterogeneous equilibria is when you should only include liquids and aqueous solutions into the expression. |
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| When determining the value of an equilibrium constant how do you know which way the equation goes? |
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Greater than 1 is to the right Less that 1 is to the left 1 is equal equilibrium |
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| What is Le Chatelier's Principle and how do you determine the left and right arrows? |
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| Le Chatelier's Principle is about disturbing equilibrium and stress that upsets a system at the equilibrium. ;You determine which way the left and right arrow should point by allowing it to be in the direction of the up arrows. |
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| What are the steps to finding solubility? |
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1. Write the equation 2. Write the Ksp;expression 3. Make all [] into x's 4. Fill in the Ksp value using the table |
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| What is Ksp and what is it used for? |
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| This is the equation that is used to find the solubility of an ionic compound in water at room temperature |
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| What is enthalpy? |
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| Enthalpy is the heat content of a system at constant pressure, the amount capable of doing mechanical work |
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| What is the definition of free energy? |
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| Free energy is a system that is available to do work |
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| What do the Gas Laws work with and what should be assumed? |
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ideal gases 1. particles have zero volume (they take up no space) 2. there is no attractive force (they don't stick) |
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| What is Boyle's Law? |
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When temperature and n (moles) are constant Pressure and Volume are inversly related |
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| What is the formula for Boyle's Law? |
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| P1*V1 = P2*V2 |
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| What does the graph need to be for Boyle's Law in order to get a positive slope? |
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| Pressure vs. 1/V |
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| What is Charles' Law? |
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When Pressure and n (moles) are constant Temperature and Volume are directly related |
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| What is the formula for Charles' Law? |
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| V1/T1 = V2/T2 |
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| What is the graph for Charles' Law? |
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| Volume vs. Temperature |
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| What is the lowest possible temperature? |
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-273;C or 0;K |
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| How do you convert Celsius into Kelvin? |
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| K=;C + 273 |
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| What is John's Law and what is another name for it? |
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Pressure and Temperature are directly related Gay-Lussac |
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| What is the formula for John's Law? |
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| P1/T1 = P2/T2 |
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| What is the graph for John's Law? |
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| Pressure vs. Temperature |
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| What is Avagadro's Law? |
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| Pressure and the number of moles are directly related when volume and temperature are constant |
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| What is the formula for Avagadro's Law? |
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| P/n = k |
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| What is the Combined Gas Law formula? |
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| P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2 |
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| What is the Idea Gas Equation? |
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PV = nRT L*atm/mol*K |
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| What is the value of the constant R? |
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| R = .0821 |
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| What are the formulas of molar mass determination and density? |
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M = mRT/PV m = MPV/RT d = PM/RT |
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| What is a mixture? |
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| 2 or more things put together |
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| What is a heterogeneous mixture? |
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| if when you look at a mixture and see the different elements |
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| What is a homogenous mixture? |
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| if when you look at a mixture and cannot tell the different aspects |
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| What is a solution? |
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| a mixture that looks the same throughout |
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| What is a solvent? |
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| the component in a solution that is in greater quantity |
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| What is the solute? |
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| the component that is in lesser amount |
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| When you classify a mixture does the solvent or solute come first? |
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| solvent |
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| How does energy form in a solid? |
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solvation/hydration
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| What are energy groups in a solution? |
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polar-polar nonpolar-nonpolar polar-nonpolar |
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| Does the solvent or solute come first when classifying energy? |
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solvent like dissolves like |
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| How does Temperature effect solubility? |
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When there is an increase in speed more collisions are produced, the higher the temperature the more this happens ***gas is slower at a lower temperature |
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| What is Henry's Law? |
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a direct relation to Pressure and solubility the larger the particle is the harder it is to stir |
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| What is the formula for percent by mass? |
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| mass of solute/mass of solution * 100 |
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| What is the formula for percent by volume? |
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| volume of solute/volume of solution * 100 |
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| What is the formula for molarity? |
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| moles of solute/liters of solution |
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| What is the formula for a dilution of a solution? |
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| M1 * V1 = M2 * V2 |
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| What is the formula for molality? |
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| m = moles of solute/kg of solvent |
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| What is the formula of a mole fraction? |
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| x = Mole A / Mole A + B |
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| What is a Colligative Property? |
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| a property of a solution dependent on the concentration of the solute |
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| What is the Vapor Pressure of a solution? |
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| water in the gas phase that can hang out right above the solution |
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| When does vapor pressure decrease? |
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| when you add a solute to a solvent; |
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| What is the formula for Vapor Pressure? |
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Psolution;= Xsolvent;(VPsolvent) *******X stands for mole fraction |
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| What is the formula for boiling point? |
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| ;Tb;= Kbmsolutei |
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| What is the formula for freezing point? |
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| ;Tf;= Kfmsolutei |
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| What is i in the freezing and boiling formulas? |
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i is the number of pieces 1 for nonmetals metals and nonmetals however many |
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| What does saturate mean? |
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| a solution that contains as much dissolved solute as possible in the presence of undissolved solute |
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| What does unsaturated mean? |
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| anything below the amount of dissolved solute |
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| What does supersaturated mean? |
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| when more solute is dissolved than the solvent typically allows |
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| What are the properties of an acid? |
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the formula begins with H it tastes sour reacts with metals to yield CO2;or H2O turns litmus paper pink pH is less than 7 ; |
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| What are the properties of a base? |
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formula usually has OH- or NHx it tastes bitter it feels slippery turns litmus paper blue pH is greater than 7 used in cleaning products |
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| What is an Arrehnius model? |
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an acid is a substance with hydrogen that will produce H+ in an aqueous solution a base is a substance with hydroxide that produces OH- in an aqueous solution |
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| What is a Bronsted-Lowry model? |
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anything that donates a H+ is an acid anything that accepts a H+ is a base |
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| What is the formula for pH? |
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| -log(H3O) |
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| What is the formula for pOH? |
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| -log(OH-) |
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| How do you find pH from pOH? |
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| 14-pOH |
