HUM II Midterm – Flashcards
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What is a defining characteristic of Baroque art?
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Attention to viewer's emotional experience of a work
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Why did Baroque artists place elements on a diagonal, not the Renaissance frontal and parallel planes?
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To produce a sense of action
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In his Cornaro Chapel sculptural program, with that did Bernini equate Saint Teresa's religious vision?
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Sexual Orgasm
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While his coworkers constructed his designs, what hobby did Bernini pursue?
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Writing plays and designing stage sets
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Why did Caravaggio portray his subject in The Calling of Saint Matthew in attire of his time, not Jesus's?
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To enable the audience to identify with them
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What technique that contrasts large ares of dark with smaller illuminated areas did Caravaggio master?
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Tenebrism
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Why was Artmesia Gentileschi so obsessed with the biblical story of Judith beheading Holofernes that she painted five versions of it?
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Gentileschi had been raped
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What inspired the first opera?
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Ancient Greek drama
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Why were only girls in Venice's orphanages given music instruction?
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It was assumed that boys would enter the labor force
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Why is Vivaldi's The Four Seasons known as program music?
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Its purely instrumental music is connected to a story or idea
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Why was portraiture especially popular with the middle-class seventeenth-century Dutch?
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Affirmation of their financial well-being
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Why did the Dutch rebel against the Spanich in 1567?
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Philip II reorganized their churches under Catholic hierarchy
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From where did Europe receive the first load of tulip bulbs?
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Turkey
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According to Francis Bacon, what were the greatest obstacles to human understanding?
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Superstition and religion
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What manner of inquiry did Rene Descartes advocate?
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Deductive reasoning
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Why were the Catholic and Protestant Churches opposed to Kepler's and Galileo's heliocentric theory?
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For contradicting certain biblical passages
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Of what does a vanitas painting remind the viewer?
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To focus on the spiritual, not the material
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What might the pearls in Vermeer's Woman with a Pearl Necklace represent?
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Purity
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Why was Rembrandt so interested in self-portraiture?
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His own face provided the ideal practice subject
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What provided one of the main forms of entertainment at Dutch famliy gatherings?
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The performance of keyboard music
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Why does Louis XIV wear red high-heeled shoes in Hyacinthe Rigaud's portrait?
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To elevate his 5'4" height
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Why has the era of Louis XIV's reign become known as the Age of Absolutism?
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Louis was a strong monarch who exerted power based on divine right
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How was Louis able to maintain such a well-disciplined, loyal army?
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The army was well-supplied and regularly paid
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What is meant by a Rubenesque figure?
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Fleshy and voluptuous
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According to Poussin, what should be a painting's subject matter?
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Classical mythology or Christian tradition
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What new dance form emerged form Louis's court?
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Minuet
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Why did the English Parliament raise an army against King Charles I in 1642?
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For proposing changes in the Church of England's liturgy
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Why did the New England Puritants have themselves painted in luxurious attire?
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Prosperity was their reward for being a good Christian
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Which Baroque artist greatly influenced Diego Velazquez's paintings?
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Caravaggio
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Why did the Spanish program to convert the Pueblo to Christianity fail in 1680?
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The Pueblo revolted and killed many of the Spanish
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What caused the 1666 Great Fire of London?
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A baker's oven explosion
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Why was the Great Fire advantageous to London?
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It allowed the city's center to be modernized
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Which of the following was not a source of Wren's inspiration for St. Paul's Cathedral?
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Giotto's Bell Tower
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According to Thomas Hobbes, what two factors motivate people?
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Fear of death at someone else's hands and desire for power
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Why did John Milton write Paradise Lost?
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To justify the ways of God to men
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Why did Jonathan Swift, in "A Modest Proposal," advocate butchering Irish children?
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To satirize the English treatment of the Irish
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According to Isaac Newton, why does the universe function harmoniously and orderly?
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The sun and planets exert gravitational pulls
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What was King George II's response on first hearing the Messiah's "Hallelujah Chorus"?
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Rose from his seat
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What new literary form did Addison and Steele invent for their newspapers?
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Journalistic essay
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Why probably did the Easter Island residents erect the moai (monumental heads)?
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To frighten potential invaders
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With what were the 18th century French philosophes concerned?
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Secular and social concerns
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Which of the following does NOT define Rococo interior architecture?
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Symmetrical surfaces
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Why did Jean-Antoine Watteau's fetes galantes become so popular?
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Their erotic overtones
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Why do so many of Francois Boucher's paintings of Madame de Pompadour show her writing?
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To validate her role as Louis XV's most trusted advisor
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Why does Fragonard paint the young lady in The Swing as losing a shoe?
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To symbolize virginity loss
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Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the English garden?
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Manicured flowerbeds
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What view of God did the Deists take?
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God had little to do with humans
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What was the overarching purpose of the Encyclopedie?
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To accumulate and preserve human knowledge
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Why is the mid-eighteenth century did art criticism begin?
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To enable tourists to appreciate and understand art
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Why is the music that arose in reaction to the Rococo called "classical"?
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Its symmetry, proportion, unity, and clarity
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In the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson's argument for freedom was inspired by
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John Locke
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Which of the following European countries did NOT provide the colonists financial and naval support in their fight against British rule?
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Germany
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In France, what triggered the events leading to revolution?
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The national debt
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Why did the French peasant and working-class women march on Versailles in 1789?
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To demand bread
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Which of the following was NOT a reform instituted by the French Constitutional Congress?
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Providing each citizen two loaves of bread per week
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Why did the French Tribunal order execution of Maximiliean Robespierre, one of the leaders of the revolution and new government?
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For ordering so many executions himself
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Why did Neoclassicism become the preferred style in late 18th-century United States?
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To reflect the new government, which was formed on classical ideas
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Why did Jefferson locate Monticello on a hilltop?
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Hilltops were traditional sites of Greek or Roman temples
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How is David's Napoleon Crossing the Saint-Bernard historically inaccurate?
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Napoleon crossed the Alps on a mule, not a white horse
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Why did North American slaveholders aim to gather Africans of differing backgrounds and languages?
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To reduce the chances of an uprising
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What were the Romantic artists reacting against?
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Neoclassicism's order, control, and balance
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What view of the world did the Romantics value?
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Subjective experience
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Why was the natural world Romantic poetry's primary subject?
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Its ability to stimulate emotions and imagination
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Why does the vase in "Ode on a Grecian Urn" fascinate John Keats?
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The eternal beauty of its art
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Why were the Romantics so attracted to the sublime - the prospect of anything beyond the human mind to understand?
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It is limitless and unbounded
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In many of his painting, John Constable included a cathedral to
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symbolize God's permanence in nature
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In J.M.W. Turner's paintings, human figures are usually
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small in size
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The Romantics preferred Prometheus for
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being a suffering but noble champion of human freedom
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Francisco Goya became angered by Charles IV for
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abandoning Charles III's liberal reforms
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Why did Beethoven eventually view his deafness and its isolation as positive?
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It was necessary for creativity
