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Erving Goffman

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-created micro-sociology/social interaction -Believed sociologists needed to concern themselves with seemingly trivial aspects of social behavior. -Said that insignificant forms of communication, such as waving to someone on the street, are a major part of sociology.

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Micro-sociology

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The study of behavior in the context of face to face interaction.

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social interaction

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The process by which we act and react to those around us.

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civil inattention

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process where individuals in the same physical setting demonstrate to one another that they are aware of each others presence.

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non-verbal communication

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communication between individuals based on facial expression or bodily gesture rather than language.

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roles

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The expected behaviors of people occupying particular social positions. The idea of social role originally comes from theater, referring to the part that actors play in a stage production. In every society, individuals play a number of social roles.

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status

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- The social honor or prestige that a particular group is accorded by other members of society. Status groups normally display distinct styles of life- patterns of behavior that the members of a group follow. Status privilege may be positive or negative. - Pariah status groups are regarded with disdain or treated as outcasts by the majority of the population.

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social position

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The social identity an individual has in a given group or society. Social positions may be general in nature (those associated with gender roles) or more specific (occupational positions).

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impression management

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preparing for the presentation of one's social role.

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unfocused interaction

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interaction occurring among people present in a particular setting but not engaged in direct face-to-face contact.

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focused interaction

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interaction b/w individuals engaged in a common activity or in direct conversation with one another.

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encounter

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A meeting b/w two or more people in a situation of face to face interaction. Our daily lives can be seen as a series of different encounters strung out across the course of the day. In modern societies, many of these encounters are with strangers rather than people we know.

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audience segregation

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In each of a persons roles they act somewhat differently, and try to keep what they do in each role from what they do in their other roles.

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regionalization

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The division of social life into different regional settings or zones.

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back region

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Areas apart from front region performance, as specified by Erving Goffman, in which individuals are able to relax and behave informally.

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front region

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settings of social activity in which people seek to put on a definite "performance" for others.

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ethnomethodology

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the study of how people make sense of what others say and do in the course of day-today social interaction. It is concerned with "ethnomethods" by which people sustain meaningful interchanges with one another.

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conversation analysis

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The empirical study of conversations, employing techniques drawn from ethnomethodology. It examines details of naturally occurring conversations to reveal the organizational principals of talk and its role in the production and reproduction of social order.

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Interactional vandalism

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the deliberate subversion of the tacit rules of conversation.

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zone of personal space

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the physical space individuals maintain between themselves and others.

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social stratification

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The structuring of inequalities b/w groups in society, in terms of access to material or symbolic rewards. while all societies involve some forms of stratification, only with the development of state-based systems did wide differences b/w wealth and power arise. The most distinctive form of stratification in modern societies is class divisions.

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structured inequalities

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the social inequalities that result from patterns in the social structure.

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slavery

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a from of social strat. in which some people are literally owned by others as their property.

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caste system

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a social system in which one's social class is held for life.

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class systems

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a system of social hierarchy that allows individuals movement b/w classes. The four chief bases of class are ownership of wealth, occupation, income, and education.

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class

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Although it is one of the most frequently used concepts in sociology, there is no clear agreement about how the notion should be defined. Most sociologists use the term to refer to socioeconomic variations b/w groups of individuals that create variations in their material prosperity and power.

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Marx's analysis of class

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says that the term "class" refers to people who have a common relationship to the means of production. The two main classes are capitalists and the working class. Says that the relationship b/w these classes is exploitative. During the working day, workers actually produce more than employers actually need to repay the cost of hiring them. This surplus value is the source of profit, which capitalists put to their own use.

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Weber's analysis of class

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- First, said that class divisions derive not only from control or lack of control of the means of production but also from economic differences that have nothing to do with property. (Include peoples skills/credentials). - Status- refers to differences b/w groups in the social honor/prestige that others accord to them. - Pariah groups- negatively privileged status groups subject to discrimination that prevents them from taking advantage of opportunities open to others.(The Jews).

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upper class

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A social class broadly composed of the more affluent members of society, especially those who have inherited wealth, own businesses, or hold large numbers of stocks.

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middle class

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A social class composed broadly of those working in white collar and lower managerial jobs.

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working class

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A social class broadly composed of people working in blue collar, or manual occupations.

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lower class

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A social class comprised of those who work part time or not at all and whose household income is typically lower than $17,000 a year.

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underclass

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A class of individuals situated at the bottom of the class system, normally composed of people from ethnic minority backgrounds.

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social mobility

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movement of individuals or groups b/w different social positions

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Intergenerational mobility

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Movement up or down a social stratification hierarchy from one generation to another

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Intragenerational mobility

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Movement up or down a social stratification hierarchy within the course of a personal career.

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Absolute poverty

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The minimal requirements necessary to sustain a healthy existence.

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relative poverty

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Poverty defined according to the living standards of the majority in any given society.

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poverty line

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An official govt. measure to define those in poverty in the United States.

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feminization of poverty

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An increase in the proportion of the poor who are female.

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homeless

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people who have no place to sleep and either stay in free shelters or sleep in public places not meant for habitation.

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the working poor

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People who work but whose earnings are not enough to lift them above the poverty line.

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globalization

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the development of social and economic relationships stretching worldwide. In current times, we are all influenced by organizations and social networks located thousands of miles away. A key part of this study is the emergence of a world system-for some purposes, we need to regard the world as forming a single social order.

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global inequality

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the systematic differences in wealth and power b/w countries.

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high income countries

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countries that industrialized first, a process that began in England some 250 years ago and then spread to the rest of Europe, the US, and Canada.

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middle income countries

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primarily found in East and Southeast Asia, Middle East, and North Africa etc... Most are not as developed as the high income countries.

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low income countries

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sub-saharan Africa, Cambodia, south Asia, Haiti, etc. Have mostly agricultural economies and are just starting to industrialize.

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market oriented theories

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theories about economic development that assume that the best possible economic consequences will result if individuals are free to make their own economic decisions, uninhibited by governmental restraint.

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Modernization theory

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A version of market oriented development theory that argues that low-income societies develop economically only if they give up their traditional ways and adopt modern economic institutions, technologies, and cultural values that emphasize savings and productive investment.

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Neoliberalism

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The economic belief that free market forces, achieved by governmental restrictions on business, provide the only route to economic growth.

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dependency theories

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Marxist theories of economic development arguing that the poverty of low income countries stems directly from their exploitation by wealthy countries and by the multinational corporations that are based in wealthy countries.

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colonialism

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The process whereby western nations established their rule in parts of the world away from their home territories.

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dependent development

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the theory that poor countries can still develop economically, but only in ways shaped by their reliance on wealthier countries.

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world-systems theory

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Pioneered by Emmanuel Wallerstein, this theory emphasizes the interconnections among countries based on the expansion of a capitalist world economy. This economy is made up of core, semi-periphary, and periphary countries.

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core

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According the World-systems theory, describes the most advanced industrial countries, which take the Lion's share of profits in the world economic system.

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Periphery

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Describes countries that have a marginal role in the world economy and are thus dependent on the core producing societies for their trading relationships.

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semiperiphery

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Countries that supply sources of labor and raw materials to the core industrial countries and the world economy but are not themselves fully industrialized countries.

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global commodity chains

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Worldwide networks of labor and production processes yielding a finished product

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sex

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the biological and anatomical differences distinguishing females from males.

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gender

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social expectations about behavior regarded as appropriate for the members of each sex. Does not refer to the physical attributes distinguishing men and women, but to socially formed traits of masculinity and femininity. The study of gender relations has become one of the most important areas of sociology in recent years.

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gender socialization

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the learning of gender roles through social factors such as schooling, the media, and family.

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social construction of gender

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The learning of gender roles through socialization and interaction with others.

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gender inequality

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The inequality b/w men and women in terms of wealth, income, and status.

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feminist theories

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sociological theories that emphasize the centrality of gender in analyzing the social world and particularly the uniqueness of the experience of women. There are many strands of feminist theory, but they all share the desire to explain gender inequalities in society and to work to overcome them.

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liberal feminism

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form of feminist theory that believes that gender inequality is produced by unequal access to civil rights and certain social resources, such as education and employment, based on sex. They tend to seek solutions through changes in legislation that ensure that the rights of individuals are protected.

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black feminism

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the multiple disadvantages of gender, class, and race that shape the experiences of non white women. Say that there is no unified gender oppression. Say that they were only concerned with white, middle class women.

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postmodern feminism

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Say that there is no one class of women that were treated the same. Encourages the acceptance of many different standpoints. reject the grand theory that gender oppression is experienced evenly by all women.

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radical feminism

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form of feminist theory that believes that gender inequality is the result of male domination in all aspects of social and economic life.

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patriarchy

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the dominance of men over women. All known societies are patriarchal, although there are variations in the degree and nature of the power that men exercise as compared with women. One of the prime objectives of women's movements in modern societies is to combat existing patriarchal institutions.

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gender typing

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Women holding occupations of lower status and pay, such as secretarial and retail positions, and men holding jobs of higher status and pay, such as managerial and professional positions.

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glass ceiling

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A promotion barrier that prevents a woman's upward mobility within an organization.

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glass escalator

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Men's rapid assent up the hierarchy when they work in female-dominated professions

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sexual harassment

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the making of unwanted sexual advances by one individual toward another, in which the first person persists even though it is clear that the other party is resistant.

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sex segregation

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the concentration of men and women in different occupations.

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human capital theory

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The argument that individuals make investments in their own "human capital" in order to increase their productivity and earnings (formal schooling, work experience, on-the-job training).

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ethnicity

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Cultural values and norms that distinguish the members of a given group from others.

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Race

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differences in human physical characteristics used to categorize large numbers of individuals.

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racialization

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the process by which understandings of race are used to classify individuals or groups of other people. Racial distinctions are more than ways of describing human differences; they are also important factors in the reproduction of patterns of power and inequality.

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minority group

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a group of people in a given society who, because of their distinct physical or cultural characteristics, find themselves in situations of inequality compared with the dominant group within that society.

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racism

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the attribution of characteristics of superiority or inferiority to a population sharing certain physically inherited characteristics.

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anti-racism

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forms of thought or practice that seek to confront, eradicate and/or ameliorate racism.

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institutional racism

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patterns of discrimination based on ethnicity that have become structured into existing social institutions.

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prejudice

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the holding of preconceived ideas about an individual or group, ideas that are resistant to change even in the face of new info. Can be either positive or negative.

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discrimination

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...

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stereotyping

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thinking in terms of fixed and inflexible categories.

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scapegoats

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individuals or groups blamed for wrongs that are not of their doing.

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assimilation

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the acceptance of a minority group by a majority population, in which the new group takes on the values and norms of the dominant culture.

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melting pot

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the idea that ethnic differences can be combined to create nee patterns of behavior drawing on diverse cultural sources.

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pluralism

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a model for ethnic relations in which all ethnic groups retain their independent and separate identities yet share equally in the rights and powers of citizenship.

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multiculturalism

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the condition in which ethnic groups exist separately and share equally in economic and political life.

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