Swine Medicine – Flashcards

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Bioexclusion
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Protocols in place to help prevent new diseases from being introduced onto farm.
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Biomanagement
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Help stop spread of diseases already on farm.
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Biocontainment
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Procedures to help stop spread of disease from my farm to another's farm.
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Most common causes of Pre-Weaning Mortaility in pigs
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Crushing/trauma, starvation, chilling/hypothermia, disease (diarrhea diseases usually)
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Neonatal piglet diarrhea - age of onset < 12 hours
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E. coli (colibacillosis)
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Neonatal piglet diarrhea - age of onset 2 days
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Transmissible Gastroenteritis
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Neonatal piglet diarrhea - age of onset 5 days
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Isospora suis (coccidiosis), Rotavirus
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E. coli (Colibacillosis)
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Pili allow bateria to attach to intestinal walls. Enterotoxin produce clinical signs - excessive secretion of fluid by crypt cells. Young piglets with watery diarrhea, dehydration and may see high mortality. Older piglets with creamy diarrhea. Usually no villous atrophy on histology. Control: vaccinate prior to each farrowing. Tx: antibiotics.
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Transmissible Gastroenteritis (Coronavirus)
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Stable when frozen - seasonal dz. Destroys small intestinal epithelial cells (villous atrophy). Acute - pigs of all ages, vomiting and diarrhea. High mortailty in pigs < 4 weeks. Endemic - mild diarrhea is older nursing or weaned pigs. Gas and yellow fluid in SI. Vaccination not used in acute outbreak. Close herd and depopulate in summer.
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Coccidiosis (Isospora or Eimeria spp)
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Mild, creamy diarrhea 1-3 weeks of age. High morbidity, low mortality. Low weaning weights, long haired pigs. Most litters for all ages of sows affected. No response to antibiotics or vaccines. PM: fibrino-necrotic membrane in jejunum/ileum.
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Rotavirus
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Mild to moderate villous atrophy. Mild watery diarrhea, low mortality. 1-6 week old pigs. Sow vaccine availabe but not widely used. Supportive care for affected pigs.
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Clostridial Enteritis
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Bacteria attach to microvilli and produce necrotizing toxin => causes necrosis and epithelial desquamation. Piglets < 1 week old. Bloody diarrhea. High morbidity, high mortality. Short, fatal course (die in 4-8 hours). Sow vaccination prior to farrowing. In-feed antibiotcs before farrowing, injectible antibiotics to piglets before clinical signs, immune antiserum to piglets within 2 hours of birth.
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Exudative Epidermitis (Staphylococcus hyicus)
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Normal inhabitant of the skin - requires wound to cause disease. Lesions appear first on face. Dark, creasy, greasy lesions. Skin is red and fissured under crust. May be localized or generalized. If systemic - depression, off-feed, death. Tx: IM antibiotics, topical treatments, euthanize severely systemically ill pigs.
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Streptococcal Menegitis
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Potentially zoonotic. Neurological signs - ataxia, head tilt, circling, recumbency, paddling. Sporadic outbreaks. Also associated with pneumonia, polyserositis, septicemia. PM: suppurative meningitis. Tx: IM antibiotics. Control: prophylatic antibiotics, vaccinate
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Glasser's Disease (Haemophilus parasuis)
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Localizes in serous-lined cavities and meniges. Causes vascualr damage. Acute onset lamness. CNS signs - ataxia, tremors, recumbency. High fever, depression. Cyanosis and edema. PM: polyserositis. Tx: IM antibiotics. Control: vaccine (appropriate serovars)
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Mycoplasma hyorhinis
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Bacteria found in nose and upper respiratory tract of young pigs. Sudden onset fever, reluctance to move. Swollen joints. Tx: individual pig treatment, prophylactic in-feed medication if recurring problem.
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Porcine Circovirus Associated Disease - PCVAD
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Prevelance of clinical dz much lower than infection prevelance. Associated with: Post weaning multi systemic wasting syndrome (PMWS); Porcine dermatosis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS); Reproductive failure, enteritis, Proliferative and necrotizing pneumonia (PNP), porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC). No treatment. Vaccine highly efficacious.
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PCVAD - PMWS
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Low morbidity rate. Affects pigs 6+ weeks of age. Pale, wasting pigs. Dyspnea, diarrhea, enlarged lymph nodes.
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PCVAD - PDNS
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Anorexia and depression. Reluctant to move, stiff. Reddish-purple skin leasions. Morbidity low, mortality high.
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Post-weaning E. coli
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Sudden death - distended, discolored abdomen, sunken eyes. Pasty to watery diarrhea. Scalded perineum. PM: fluid filled intestine, dehydration. Control: acidify GI contents, add fiber to diet, add zinc to growth, poorly digested CHO and proteins, add acidifers to water. Vaccination does not work very well. Mass medicate via feed or water.
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Edema Disease (Vertotoxin E. coli)
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E.coli colonize upper SI, produce toxin which enters blood and causes damge to arterial walls leading to wide spread edema. Big, fast growing pigs, 1-3 weeks post weaning. Morbidity low, case mortality high. Strange sounding squeal. Neurological signs and recumbancy. Death occurs quickly. Swolled eyelids. Vaccination effective.
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Salt Poisoning
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Water deprivation or excessive salt intake. Rehydration results in osmotic swelling of the brain. Thirst, Pruritus, Neurological signs - circling, head pressing, seizures. Tx: slowly reintroduce water.
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Enzootic Pneumonia (Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae)
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Causes damage to the mucociliary apparatus (excess mucous secretion and loss of cilia). Hyperplasia of lymphoid tissue around airways. Bronchitis and bronchiolitis. Chronic, persistant, non-producive cough. Non-febrile, no depression, appetite minimally affected. Decreased feed efficiency. High morbidity, low mortality. Anteroventral lung consolidation. Peribronchiolar lymphoid cuffing. Tx: depopulate/repopulate, in-feed or water medication, vaccination.
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Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
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Subclinical carrier often responsible for transmission. Produce a hemolysin and a toxin that damage endothelial cells and alveolar macrophages => resulrs in vasculitis, thrombosis, and eventual infarction in the lungs. Sudden death with no clinical signs. Fever, anorexia, depression. Marked dyspnea - sternal recumbancy, mouth breathing, cyanosis of extremities. Can have chronic form, part of PRDC. Bloody froth from nose. Tx: injectable antibiotics, in-feed/in-water medication. Vaccination (serotype specific).
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Swine Influenza Virus
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Potential Zoonotic. Produces inflammation of respiratory epithelium, exudate blocks airways, bronchointerstitial pneumonia. Dramatic, rapid spread of illness. Coughing. Fever, depression. Reluctance to move. High morbidity, low mortality with full recovery. Impacts growth and feed efficiency. Can cause reproductive failure in sows. If endemic: milder dz, part of PRDC. No treatment. Vaccines - no cross protection.
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Atrophic Rhinitis (Bordetella bronchispetica)
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Infection does not always result in clinical dz. Damage to nasal mucosa allowing colonization by P multicida - produces dermonecrotizing toxins that cause progressive turbinate bone loss. Sneezing, conjunctivitis, progressive distortion of snout, decreased growth performance. Tx: parentera; antibiotics to suckling pigs, in-feed antibiotics to nursery pigs. Vaccination (Bordetella/Pasturella combo).
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Timing: Estrus Detection, Pregnancy Diagnosis, Gestation length
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Estrus Detection: 18-24 days post-breeding; Pregnancy Diagnosis: 4-6 weeks post-breeding; Gestation length 114 days
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Nursery Pig Requirements
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Warm temperature (85 F), 1 waterer/10 pigs, 1 space/4 pigs, highly digestible feed - milk based.
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Grower/Finisher feed management
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Feeder space - 1/5 pigs; 1 waterer/10 pigs. Feed processing to maximize efficiency - grinding, pelleting.
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Porcine Proliferative Enteropathies (Lawsonia intracellularis)
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Thickening of mucous membranes in SI and LI. Bacteria invade crypt cells in SI, cells undergo hyperplasia leading to elongation of the crypts, leads to degeneration and necrosis. Chronic form: Anorexia, slow/uneven growth, sporadic diarrhea, low mortality. Acute form: older pigs, sudden onset, bloody diarrhea, high mortality. PM: 'cerebriform'pattern visible through serosa, frank blood in intestine. Tx: in feed antibiotics. Vaccination - good efficacy.
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Swine dysentery (Brachyspira hyodysenteria)
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Spread by asymptomatic carrier pigs. Colonizes and proliferates in LI, penetrates mucous layer and associated with epithelium. Muco-hemorrhage diarrhea, straining and switching tail while defecating, dehydration, morbitidy high, mortality high. Recovered pigs can be chronic poor doers. Edema in mesentery and serosa, Fibronecrotic debris. Tx: antibiotics via water of injection. Control by eradication during summer.
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Brachyspira pilosicoli
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Non-specific colitis. Usually milder than swine dysentery. Loose feces. Tends to be self-limiting but can treat with in-feed antibiotics.
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Salmonella cholerasuis
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Host adapted. Causes septicemic salmonellosis. Ingested or inhaled. Invades mucosa and spreads via lymphatic spreads. Can survive in macrophages. Produces endotoxin that causes vasculitis and septicemia. Often subclinical - fever, off-feed, depression, low morbidity, high mortality, discolored abdomen and extremities. Lesions: enlarged spleen, petechial hemorrhages, septicemic lung. Tx: antibiotics. Vaccine ok.
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Salmonella typhimurium
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Non-host adapted, causes enteric salmonellosis. Ingested. Causes thrombosis that results in mucosal necrosis. Fluid loss and fluid malabsorption results in diarrhea. Anorexia, fever, intermittent watery diarrhea, morbidity high, mortality moderate. Lesions: Edmatous intestines with enlaged LN, necrotic areas in cecum, colon and rectum. Tx: antibiotics. Vaccine ok.
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Erysipelas (Erysipelothrix rhusiopathaiae)
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Vasculitis and thrombosis, primarily affects skin and joints. Acute: high fever, off feed, reluctant to move, raised, red/purple diamond shaped lesions, pregnant sows may abort. Chronic: arthritis, occasional sudden death from emboli. PM lesions: lesions of septicemia, chronic arthritis. Tx: IM penicillin. Vaccination.
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Gastric Ulcers
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Occur in pars esophagea region. Keratinization, erosion, complete ulceration, pale carcass, blood-filled intestine, coffee-ground blood in stomach. Contributing factors: feed (small particle size, pelleted feed).
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Reasonable target for farrowing rate
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85+%
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Reasonable target for regular returns to estrus
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< 8%
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Reasonable target for irregular returns to estrus
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< 5%
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Reasonable target for Abortion
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1%
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Reasonable target for Total pigs born/litter
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11.5%
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Reasonable target for total pigs born alive/litter
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10.5%
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Reasonable target for Stillbirths
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5%
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Reasonable target for Mummified pigs
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0.5%
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Reasonable target for Litters/sow/year
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2.2+
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Reasonable target for pre-weaning mortality
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10% or less
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Signs of estrus in sows
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Restlessness, vocalization, off-feed, swollen vulva, increased vaginal mucous, interested in boar, mounts other sows/mounted by other sows, pricked ears and tail.
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Management or Disease
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Management: losses are chronic, only one parameter affected, losses get worse over time. Disease: rapid drop, reductions in multiple areas, may improve over time due to immunity.
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Porcine Parvovirus
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Increase in number of post-breeding returns to estrus, increase in number of mummified piglets, decreased littler size. Prolonged gestation length - stillbirth. Abortion rare. Infected sows/gilts do not appear sick. Vaccination.
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Porcine Parvovirus - timing of fetal exposure and outcome: < 14 days gestation
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Regular retuen to estrus
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Porcine Parvovirus - timing of fetal exposure and outcome: 15-40 days gestation
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Irregular return to estrus
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Porcine Parvovirus - timing of fetal exposure and outcome: 41-70 days gestation
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Mummified piglets
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Porcine Parvovirus - timing of fetal exposure and outcome: >70 days gestation
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Healthy piglets
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Leptospirosis
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Zoonotic. Transmission: ingestion, percutaneous, venereal, transplacental, shed in urine, wildlife. White spots of kidney. Anorexia, fever, jaundice. Late stage abortion. Increased stillbirths and mummies. Weak-born piglets with high mortality. L. bratislava - increased return to estrus, bacterial localize in oviducts. Tx: in-feed tetracycline, IM streptocmycin. Vaccination (doesn't prevent renal shedding).
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Urogenital Tract Infection
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Pyelonephritis/cystitis common causes of sow mortality. Actinobaculum suis. Blood and.or pus in urine, PU/PD, weight loss, fever, anorexia, sudden death. Tx: penicillin.
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Vaginal Dishcarge Syndrome
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Post-breeding creamy discharge - may be from urinary tract or genital tract. Tx often unrewarding - cull affected pigs.
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Pseudorabies (Aujeszky's Disease - Herpesvirus)
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Eradicated from US. Younger pig = more severe disease. Nursing/weaned pigs: fever, depression, neurologic signs, high mortality. Finishers and sows/boars: respiratory signs, lower mortality. Reproductive effects: returns to estrus, abortion, stillborn and weakborn pigs. Control: herd depopulation, vaccination (use restricted)
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Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)
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Most important dz affecting US swine industry. Arterivirus. Signs in sows: Fever, anorexia, abortion, weak-born piglets, stillborn pigs, mummified pigs, reduced fertility, mortality. Signs in piglets: weak, fail to nurse, dysnpea, high pre-weaning mortality. Signs in growers: respiratory signs, secondary infectinos, poor growth, mortality. Vaccination.
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Mange (Sarcoptes scabiei vs suis)
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All life stages develop in epidermis. Mites burrow in skin => cause hypersensitivity rxn => chronic mange leads to hyperkeratosis and proliferation of CT in dermis. Pruritis, erythematous macules and papules, thickened, wrinkly skin. Tx: avermectins.
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Lice (Hematopinus suis)
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Itching and hair loss, anemia if severe infestation. Tx: avermectin, many topical treatments (kill adults only)
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Roundworm (Ascaris suus)
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Once infected, a barn will remain infected. Often no clinical signs, reduced rate of gain and feed efficiecny, large number of migrating larva can cause veminous pneumonia. Lesions: adult worms in intestine, hemorrhagic areas in lungs, 'milk spots' on liver. Control: anthelminics.
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Whipworms (Trichuris suis)
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Usually subclinical. Diarrhea in growing pigs (dehydration and death). Worms penetrate deep into cecal and colonic mucosa (causes mucofibrinous to mucohemorrhagic typhlocolitis). Control: levamisole, dichlovos, fenbendazole.
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Mycotoxins
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Produced by mold in grain. Risk increases with wet weather, high temperature, insect damage to crops.
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Vomitoxin
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Vomiting, excess salivation. Corn and wheat. OK for chickens.
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Aflatoxin
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Clinical signs vary with dose: 200-400 = reduced growth, mild immunosuppression; 400-800 = mild liver damage; 800-1200 = icterus, hypoproteinemia; 1200-2000 = depression, diarrhea, ascites, death. Younger animals more susceptible than adults. OK for cattle if <400 ppb.
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Zearalenone
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Most common mycotoxin. Sows: anestrus, decreased litter size. Gilts: swollen red vulva, mammary development, rectal/vaginal prolapse. OK for heifters/bulls if <50 ppm.
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Ochratoxin
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Low doses cause PU/PD and reduces growth and feed efficiency. Renal lesions at 200 ppb. Recovery slow. OK for cattle.
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Fumonisin
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Causes acute pulmonary edema. May cause liver damage. High mortality rate of 50-90%.
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Ergot
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Reduced growth rate in feeder pigs. Agalactia in farrowing sows. Gangrene due to vasoconstriction and vascular damage (sloughing of ears, tails, hooves).
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Vit E/Se Deficiency
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Mulberry heart disease. Sudden death in fast growing pigs. Sero-hemorrhagic pericarditis, petechiation of heart muscle with fluid filled pericardium. Can also see: Hepatosis Dietetica (sudden death, foci of hepatic necrosis and hemorrhage), White Muscle Disease (pale streaks).
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Zoonotic diseases for people working with pigs
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Swine Influenza, Leptospirosis, Streptococcus suis (people working with raw pork), Salmonellosis, E. coli
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Zoonotic diseases for people consuming pork products
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Salmonellosis, Toxoplasmosis, Trichinellosis, Tersiniosis, Listeriosis.
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Carbon Monoxide
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Sows unaffected. Stillbirths and neonatal mortality - bright pink/red color due to carboxyhemoglobin in blood.
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Blood Collection Sites in Swine
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Anterior vena cava or jugular (right side to avoid thoracic duct and left vagus n). Suborbital sinus (needle inserted at the jxn of the conjunctiva and sclera in the medial canthus of eye). Ear vein, Cephalic, Saphenous.
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