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Socialization:

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the process where children acquire knowledge about language, values, etiquette, rules, behaviors, social expectations, and all the subtle, complex, bits of information necessary to get along and thrive in a particular society (Socialization)

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Although socialization continues throughout

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life, most if it occurs in childhood.

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Socialization during childhood is when the fundamental building

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blocks of children's consequent attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors are established.

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Because children's lives are centered initially within their families, the family

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environment becomes the primary agent of socialization.

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Family Structure:

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the nuclear family as well as those non-traditional alternatives to the non-traditional family which are adopted by persons in committed relationships and the people they consider to be family (Family Structure)

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Primary Group:

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people who are intimate and have frequent face-to-face contact with one another, have norms in common, and share mutually enduring and extensive influences (Primary Group)

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Single-Parent Family:

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a family household in which one parent resides with the children but not the other (Single-Parent Family)

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Household:

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comprises all persons occupying a housing unit (Household)

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Stepfamily:

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families in which one or both parents reside with children from prior marriages or relationships (Stepfamily)

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Blended Family:

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any nontraditional configuration of people who life together, are committed to each other, and preform functions traditionally assumed by families (Blended Family)

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In 1960, the average age for men to marry was

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23, and women to marry was 20.

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5 other changes that are different from traditional patterns of family life are:

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1) marrying later or not at all 2) unmarried cohabitation (same gender as well as heterosexual) 3) increased interracial marriages 4) increased births to single women 5) increased employment of mothers

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In 2009, 9% of all couples living

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together are unmarried.

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In 2000, 9% of marriages in the United States are

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interracial or interethnic.

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In 2005, 38.5% of births were born

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to single women. These women may or may not be cohabitating with a partner, however.

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In 2009, over 71% of single women with children under 18, and over

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69% of married women with underage children are employed outside the home.

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2 concepts important when assessing the effectiveness of a family are:

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1) family functions 2) communication

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Family Functions include a wide range of caregiving functions, including nurturing, and socializing, children, providing

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material and emotional support, and assuming general responsibility of the well-being of all members.

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Good communication involves clear expression of personal

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ideas and feelings even when they differ from those of other family members.

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In families that foster autonomy, boundaries for roles and relationships are

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clearly established.

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Negotiation is also clearly related to good relationships; conflicts are settled through rational

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discussion and compromise instead of open hostility and conflict.

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Although most people do marry, 45% of Americans and 30%

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of Canadian marriages result in divorce.

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3 issues point to the need for adequate day care to serve the nations children:

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1) most women work outside of the home due to economic necessity 2) the majority of working women have the added burden of being primary homemakers 3) many women have no mate to help with child care

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Systems theory applies to a multitude of situations, ranging from the internal mechanisms of a

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computer to the bureaucratic functioning of a large public welfare department to the interpersonal relationships within a family.

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Family Therapy:

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an intervention by a social worker or other family therapist with members of a family to improve communication and interaction among members and to pursue other changes and goals they wish to pursue (Family Therapy)

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Family Therapy is based on the idea that the

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family is a system.

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System:

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a set of elements that form an orderly, interrelated, and functional whole (System)

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Homeostasis:

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refers to the tendency for a system to maintain a relatively stable, constant state of equilibrium or balance (Homeostasis)

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Subsystem:

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a secondary subordinate system within a system (Subsystem)

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Boundaries:

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repeatedly occurring patterns of behavior that characterize the relationships within a system and give that system a particular identity (Boundaries)

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Input:

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can be defined as the energy information, or communication flow received from other systems (Input)

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One type of input for a family involves the communication and supportive social interaction family

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members receive from friends, neighbors, and relatives - schools as well with the education system.

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Output:

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the energy, information, or communication emitted from a system to the environment or to other systems (Output)

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An important thing to consider about output is its

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relationship to input.

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If more energy is leaving a family system (output) than is coming in

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(input), tensions may result and functioning may be impaired.

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Feedback:

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a system's receipt of information from an outside source about its own performance or behavior (Feedback)

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Positive feedback involves information about what a system is doing

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right in order to maintain itself and thrive.

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Negative feedback involves providing information about problems

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within the system.

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When a family comes in for help, feedback can raise

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their awareness about their functioning.

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Entropy:

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the natural tendency of a system to progress toward disorganization, depletion, and death (Entropy)

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Homeostasis itself is dynamic in that it involves

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constant change and adjustment.

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Negative Entropy:

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the process of a system moving toward growth and development (Negative Entropy)

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Negative entropy must be kept in mind when helping family

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systems grow and develop to their full potential.

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Equifinality:

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the idea that there are many different means to the same end (Equifinality)

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It is important not to get locked into one way of thinking, because in any given situation, there

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are many different means to the same end.

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Differentiation:

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a system's tendency to move from a more simplified to a more complex existence (Differentiation)

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The 6 major phases of the traditional family life cycle are:

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1) separating an unattached young adult from his or her family of origin 2) marrying and establishing an identity as a part of a couple, rather than as an individual 3) having and raising young children 4) dealing with adolescent children striving for independence, and refocusing on the couple relationship as adolescents gain that independence 5) sending children forth into their own new relationships, addressing midlife crises, and coping with the growing disabilities of aging parents 6) adjusting to aging and addressing the inevitability of one's own death

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Learning Theory:

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the theoretical orientation that conceptualizes the social environment in terms of behavior, its preceding events, and its subsequent consequences (Learning Theory)

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Respondent Conditioning:

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responses that develop when a person learns to respond to a new stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response (Respondent Conditioning)

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Unconditioned (naturally occurring) Stimulus:

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a stimulus that naturally results in specific response (Unconditioned (naturally occurring) Stimulus)

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Conditioned (learned) Stimulus:

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a stimulus that does not result in a response naturally, but does result in a response after being pared with an unconditioned stimulus that elicits the response naturally (Conditioned (learned) Stimulus)

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Systematic Desensitization:

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the procedure whereby a person with a phobia practices relation while imagining scenes of the fear-producing stimulus, with the intent of decreasing that fear (Systematic Desensitization)

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Modeling (Observational Learning):

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the learning of behavior by observing another individual engaging in that behavior (Modeling (Observational Learning))

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Operant Conditioning:

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a type of learning in which behaviors are influenced primarily by the consequences that follow them (Operant Conditioning)

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Reinforcement:

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a procedure or consequence that increases the frequency of the behavior immediately preceding it (Reinforcement)

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Positive Reinforcement:

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positive events or consequences that follow behavior and strengthen it (Positive Reinforcement)

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Negative Reinforcement:

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the removal of a negative event or consequence that serves to increase the frequency of a behavior (Negative Reinforcement)

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Punishment:

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the presentation of an aversive event or the removal of a positive reinforce, which results in a decrease of the behavior (Punishment)

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Extinction:

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the process whereby reinforcement for a behavior stops, resulting in the eventual decrease in frequency and possible eradication of that behavior (Extinction)

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McGoldrick's 7 stages of family life, assessing how families respond to their widely diverse issues and circumstances are:

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1) Leaving Home: Emerging Young Adults 2) Joining of Families Through Marriage/Union 3) Families with Young Children 4) Families with Adolescents 5) Launching Children and Moving on at Midlife 6) Families in Late Middle Age 7) Families Nearing the End of Life

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Learning Theory provides a framework for understanding

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how behavior develops; the total person in dynamic interaction with all aspects of the environment is the focus of attention.

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Learning Theory emphasizes the importance of assessing observable behaviors and stresses the

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use of behaviorally specific terms in defining behaviors.

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Learning Theory provides a positive approach; individuals are seen as

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dynamic beings capable of change rather than victims of their personal histories.

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Behavior Modification:

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a therapeutic application of learning theory principles (Behavior Modification)

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Stimulus:

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an object or event that can be detected b one of the senses, and thus has the potential to influence the person (Stimulus)

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In order to accomplish a learned stimulus, the new stimulus is paired

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with the stimulus that elicited the response naturally.

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Phobia:

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a fear in which the level of anxiety or escape and avoidance behavior is severe enough to disrupt the person's life (Phobia)

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The 2 major thrusts of systematic desensitization are:

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1) the client is exposed gradually to the thing feared 2) while the client is being exposed, he or she is also taught an incompatible response that cannot occur at the same time as the anxiety and fear (such as progressive relaxation)

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Role Playing:

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practicing behavior through a trial run in preparation for a later situation in which some goal is to be achieved (Role Playing)

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Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which behaviors are influenced

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primarily by the consequences that follow them.

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The 3 things to remember in the "ABCs of behavior" are:

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A) Antecedents B) Behavior C) Consequence

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Antecedents:

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the events occurring immediately before the behavior itself (Antecedents)

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Most behavior involved in operant

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conditioning is observable.

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2 important aspects of negative reinforcement are:

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1) something must be removed from the situation 2) the frequency of a particular behavior is increased

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The 2 ways punishment can be administered are:

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1) presenting a negative or aversive event immediately after a behavior occurs 2) the withdrawal of a positive reinforcer

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Primary or unconditioned reinforcers are rewarding themselves, without

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any association with other reinforcers.

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Secondary reinforcers have values that are learned through

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association with other reinforcers - the key idea is that they must be learned.

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4 major types of secondary reinforcers are:

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1) material reinforcers and nonfood consumables 2) activities 3) social reinforcers 4) tokens

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Material Reinforcers:

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objects or substances that can be used as rewards to increase specific behaviors (Material Reinforcers)

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Activities : (as reinforcers)

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tangible events whose value has been learned (Activities)

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Having hierarchies of preferred behavior means that any individual when given

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a choice will choose one behavior over another.

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Social Reinforcers:

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includes words and gestures used to indicate caring and concern toward another person (Social Reinforcers)

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Token Reinforcers:

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designated symbolic objects reflecting specific units of value that an individual can exchange for some other commodity that he or she wants (Token Reinforcers)

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A reward may or may not increase the frequency of a particular behavior, whereas a positive

answer

reinforcer does increase the frequency of a behavior.

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4 suggestions to enhance the use of positive reinforcers are:

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1) quality of positive reinforcement 2) immediacy of positive reinforcement 3) frequency of positive reinforcement 4) shaping behavior

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Positive reinforcement has a greater effect on behavior if it is administered

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immediately or shortly after the behavior occurs.

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The most effective way to increase a particular behavior is

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to reinforce it every time it occurs.

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Continuous Reinforcement:

answer

reinforcing the behavior every time it occurs (Continuous Reinforcement)

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Intermittent Reinforcement:

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reinforcing a behavior only occasionally (Intermittent Reinforcement)

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While intermittent reinforcement is not as powerful to establish a

answer

behavior, it is less subject to extinction.

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Schedules of Reinforcement:

answer

the various procedures for intermittent reinforcement - every third time, or randomly (Schedules of Reinforcement)

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5 potential negative consequences of punishment are:

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1) it elicits a negative emotional response 2) avoidance of either the punishing person or the punitive situation 3) it can teach children to be aggressive 4) the child can be harmed 5) it teaches people what not to do, rather than what they should do

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4 suggestions for maximizing the effectiveness of punishment are:

answer

1) intervention should occur early 2) administer the punishing consequences every time the behavior occurs 3) the same time punishment is used, a complementary program should be used to reinforce other, more appropriate behaviors 4) remain calm while administering punishment

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Negative attention, in the form of yelling, can function

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as an effective means of providing accidental training.

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Specificity:

answer

a behavior must be clearly and concisely defined, allowing all involved to understand exactly what behavior is involved (Specificity)

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Learning theory mandates clear behavioral

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descriptions in order to conceptualize any particular behavior.

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Behavior must be observable in order to measure

answer

if it has improved.

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Baseline:

answer

the frequency with which a behavior occurs before behavior modification begins (Baseline)

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The importance of parents' communicating with their children and genuinely

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showing spontaneous concern for them should not be overlooked.

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Active Listening:

answer

the process in which the receiver of a communication pays close attention to what the sender of the communication is saying, and reflects it back to them (Active Listening)

SW 202 Chapter 4 part 1 – Flashcards

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