Summary 2 (after French Revolution) – Flashcards
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Louis XVI (1774-1792)
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became king in 1774 after the death of Louis XV and after almost a century of Enlightened thought, reinstated Parlement of Paris, royal struggle with aristocracy and resulted in French Revolution, married to Marie Antoinette
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taille
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the biggest tax, a property tax but not paid by 1st and 2nd Estates
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corvée
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forced labor several days per year for nobles, tax the 3rd estate was responsible for
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gabelle
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salt tax paid to the government
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Estates General
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french government divided into three Estates
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First Estate
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consisted of members of the clergy (roughly 1% of the population)
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Second Estate
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consisted of members of the nobility (nobles of the robe and nobles of the sword, roughly 2% of population)
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Third Estate
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consisted of the rest of the population
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bourgeoisie
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middle class, members of the upper middle class who resented the privileges enjoyed by the 1st and 2nd Estates
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Parlements
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French noble councils that regulated the legislation of the king, law courts that had the power to raise taxes
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Marie Antoinette
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wife of Louis XVI, sister of Joseph II and daughter of Maria Theresa of Austria
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Jacques Necker
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Controller- General of Finances, an enlightened Swiss banker, was fired and then rehired, King Louis XVI famous economic advisor
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Charles Calonne
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replaced Necker, suggested the remedy is to get the 1st and 2nd Estates to pay more taxes. called Assembly of Notables for new tax base, forced to call Estates-General
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Assembly of Notables
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A group of nobles and aristocrats invited by the king of France to discuss reform of the government, said they didn't have the authority to decide whether or not to revise the tax system
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Abbé Sieyès
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wrote What is the Third Estate? (everything!) in a call for more political representation for the 3rd Estate
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What is the Third Estate? (1789)
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written by Abbé Sieyès in 1789
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cahiers de doléances
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a list of grievances king Louis XVI ordered the three estates to draw up
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Lettre de cachet
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historical document that gave the king the power to imprison anyone without trial
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May 5, 1789
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Estates General with 1200 members assembled at Versailles, it was the first meeting since 1614, voting was to be done by estate not by individuals
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National Assembly
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Sieyès proposed that the Third Estate be called the ____________________ to reflect their legitimate sovereignty
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Tennis Court Oath
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On June 20th, members of the 3rd estate were locked our of their meeting hall and they moved to an indoor tennis court and swore not to disband until they had written a new constitution
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National Assembly (1789-1791)
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Constituent Assembly, French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789. (p. 585)
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Bastille
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the ancient fortress and symbol of the monarchy, was stormed by a mob of Parisians on July 14, 1789 looking for gunpowder
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Edmund Burke
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wrote Reflections on the Revolution in France, in which he criticized the Revolution as undermining the "natural order" of things by overthrowing the monarchy
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Reflections on the Revolution in France
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written by Edmund Burke, criticizing the Revolution as undermining the "natural order" of things by overthrowing the monarchy
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Thomas Paine
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wrote The Rights of Man, which defended the Revolution
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The Rights of Man
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book written by Thomas Paine defending the Revolution
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Coercion Acts of 1817
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british acts allowing those who advocated reform to be arrested and suspending habeas corpus
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Great Fear
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A wave of senseless panic that spread through the French countryside after the storming of the Bastille in 1789, many peasants attacked the houses of the landowners
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Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens
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a historical document approved by the National Assembly that was a product of the Enlightenment. stated "men are born free and equal in rights" and guaranteed the natural rights as well as freedom of speech, press, assembly, and freedom from arbitrary arrest and imprisonment
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Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens
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"men are born free and equal in rights"
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Tuileries Palace
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a large group of women marched to Versailles on October 5, 1789 and escorted the king and the royal family to THIS palace in Paris
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"The Baker, the Baker's wife, and the baker's little boy"
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quote people sang on the way back to Paris, a reference to the fact the king is responsible for providing the people with bread
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émigrés
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French nobility who fled country to escape the Revolution
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Count of Artois
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King Louis XVI's brother, where émigrés sought refuge in neighboring countries
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"the king of the French"
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Louis XVI was referred to as this instead of the King of France
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assignants
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paper money, which was backed by the value of the Church land, paper currency used during the early parts of the Revolution
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Civil Constitution of the Clergy
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The Assembly issued this creating a national church, led to increasing counter-revolutionary activity, priests had to swear an oath of loyalty to the revolution
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non-juring priests
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priests who refused to take the oath of the Civil Constitution
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Constitution of 1791
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formally abolished absolute rule and created a constitutional monarchy; all 3 estates have equal power in government, National Assembly becomes Legislative Assembly
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active
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(men paying at least 3 days' wages in taxes) and could vote
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passive
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citizens who could not vote
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Marat and Danton
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political activists that criticized the new policies as a continuation of the Old Regime
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Varennes
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Where Louis XVI was caught while trying to flee France
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flight to Varennes
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the royal family were taken back to Paris and imprisoned in the Tuileries Palace, end of French monarchy
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Leopold of Austria and Frederick William II of Prussia
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issued the Declaration of Pilnitz, which stated they both would like to see the monarchy restored
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Declaration of Pilnitz
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issued by Leopold of Austria and Frederick William II of Prussia, stating that they both would like to see the monarchy restored
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Jacobins
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Radical republicans during the French Revolution, led by Danton, Marat, and Robespierre that abandoned the idea of a constitutional monarchy
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Danton, Marat, Robespierre
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leaders of the Jacobins
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Olympe de Gouges
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demanded equal rights for women in her The Rights of Woman, told the assembly that women should have access to education, be able to own property within the marraige, and be able to initiate divorce proceeding
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Republican Motherhood
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The idea that American women had a special responsibility to cultivate "civic virtue" in their children
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The Rights of Woman
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book Olympe de Gouges wrote
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Mary Wollstonecraft
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wrote Vindication of the Rights of Woman
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Vindication of the Rights of Woman
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book written by Mary Wollstonecraft
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Legislative Assembly
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replaced the Constituent Assembly / National Assembly; took away most of king's power, established by the Constitution of 1791
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The Marseillaise
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song written by Rouget de Lisle and became the anthem of the Revolution
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Rouget de Lisle
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wrote "The Marseillaise"
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Monarchists
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People who supported the Monarchy during the French Revolution
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Jacobins and Girondins
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sat on the left of the Legislative Assembly and wanted to establish a republic
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Girondins
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Delegates in the National Convention who favored a republic but feared domination by Paris, were more conservative
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Brunswick Manifesto
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issued in July 1792 by Austria and Prussia stating that France would be punished if the royal family were harmed
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The Commune
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Radical and socialists attempt to govern Paris away from France, was established on August 9
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sans-culottes
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stormed the Tuileries Palace looking for the royal family and killed 600 members of the king's Swiss Guards
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September Massacres
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Paris Commune killed people in prisoners for no apparent reasons other than the fact they believed they were counterrevolutionaries
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Girondins
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moderates, wanted to spread the revolution and wanted to decentralize the power, included Olympe de Gouges
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Jacobins
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started moderate but became extreme, wanted centralized power, included Robespierre, Danton, and Marat
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sans-culottes
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Paris was controlled by them, radical group of Parisian wage-earners, "without breeches"
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"without breeches"
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sans-culottes
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Place de la RĂ©volution
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Place de la Concorde, where Louis XVI was beheaded on January 21, 1793
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Equality, Liberty, Fraternity
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the motto of the Revolution
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Counter-Revolution
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started in March 1793, western France did not agree with the principles of the Revolution
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levée en mass
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Law that obligated all French men between certain ages to enlist in the army, created to fight against anti-revolutionary movements
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landowners and Catholic Church
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supporters of the Counter Revolution
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Maximilien Robespierre
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leading figure of the French Revolution, initiated special courts to prosecute those deemed traitors to the Revolution
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Committee of Public Safety
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led to the break between the Girondins and Jacobins, This was the group that carried out the Reign of Terror
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énragés
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enraged, and demanded that bakers be prosecuted for over-pricing their bread
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Law of Maximum
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established by the Convention in September 1793 to set a maximum price for grain
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Charlotte Corday
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a royalist who stabbed Marat, leaving Robespierre in charged
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Robespierre
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nicknamed "the incorruptible"
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Law of Suspects
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deprived those waiting trial of any remaining rights, September 17, 1793
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October 1793
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The Jacobins introduced a new secular calendar in October 1793
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September 22, 1793
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day one, year one in the Jacobin calendar
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Temple of Reason
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new name for the Cathedral of Notre Dame during the Radical Phase of the Revolution
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Cult of the Supreme Being
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a cult religion based on deism devised by Maximilien Robespierre, intended to become the state religion after the French Revolution
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1794
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Thermidorian Reaction
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the Directory
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Established after the Reign of Terror / National Convention; a five man group as the executive branch of the country, Moderate Jacobins supported this new government
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Thermidorian Reaction
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aimed at replacing the Republic of Virtue and removing the restraints put in place during the Revolution
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Count of Provence
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heir to the Throne after the son of the king died in prison, Louis XIV's brother
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General Napoleon Bonaparte
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was called in by the directors when the people of Paris threatened trouble
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"whiff of grapeshot"
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The way in which Napoleon Bonaparte silenced a royalist uprising in 1795
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François-Noël "Gracchus" Babeuf
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plotted to overthrow the Directory and create a Conspiracy of Equals
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Conspiracy of Equals
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1796 plot led by Gracchus Babeuf which called for a return to many ideals of the Revolution and an overthrow of the Directory
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Abbé Sieyès
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became a director in 1799, believed in the need for strong executive
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Second Coalition
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Russains, British, and Austrian, Russian, Austrian, Ottoman and British alliance against Napoleon's threat
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Battle of the Pyramids
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Napoleon was victorious over the Ottomans
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Battle of the Nile
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Napoleon was soundly defeated by Admiral Horatio Nelson
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November 9
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Napoleon took control of Paris (the 18th Brumaire)
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Napoleon
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was a child of the Englightenment and saw himself as the person responsible for the spread of the revolutionary ideals of "liberty, equality, and fraternity"
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1799-1815
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NAPOLEONIC ERA
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1799-1804
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Consulat Period
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prefect
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each department appointed a government official who limited the influence of the royalists and those who opposed Napoleon
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Bank of France
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created by Napoleon to facilitate economic growth and to help French businesses compete with the British
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The Concordat
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1801
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Pius VII
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Pope that signed the Concordat in 1801
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Organic Articles
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issued by Napoleon reduced the power of the Church by appointing a minister of religion, paying clerical salaries, and refusing to allow papal bulls to be read in read without his permission
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Legion of Honor
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was established by Napoleon to reward those who had served with distinction with title and pensions, looked like a return of the Ancien Regime
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Treaty of Lunèville (1801)
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The Austrians signed this treaty which gave France much of Italy and control of Belgium
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Peace of Amiens
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Britain and France signed this in which Britain returned all French colonies in exchange for end to the fighting
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Joseph Fouchè
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head of secret police, brutal during Reign of Terror, spy system where anyone who questioned were detained
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Duke of Enghein
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suspect/culprit of attempted assassination of Napoleon
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Pope Pius VII
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was invited by Napoleon to crown him emperor in a ceremony at Notre Dame Cathedral
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Civil Code (1804)
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to codify the French legal system, dealt with every aspect of French law, equality to women and reaffirmed France as a patriarchal state, greatest achievement
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Battle of Trafalgar
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The french navy was destroyed by the British navy, which was led by Admiral Nelson
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Admiral Nelson
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lead the British navy
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Ulm (1805)
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where Napoleon defeated the Austrians
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Austerlitz (1805)
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where Napoleon crushed the Austrians and the Russians
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Confederation of the Rhine (1806)
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League of German States organized by Napoleon in 1813 after defeating the Austrians at Austerlitz. The league collapsed after Napoleon's defeat in Russia.
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Jena (1806)
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where Napoleon defeated the Prussians
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Friedland (1807)
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where Napoleon defeated the Russians
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Treaty of Tilsit
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Tsar Alexander agreed to block European ports to British ships and to support the Continental System
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Continental System
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Napoleon's efforts to block foreign trade with England by forbidding Importation of British goods Into Europe.
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Berlin Decree
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issued in 1806, prohibited British ships from entering European ports
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Orders in Council (1806)
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intended to prevent the British and her allies from trading with France and authorized the Royal navy to blockade French ports
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Milan Decree (1807)
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claimed that any ship entering Britain would be subject to seizure
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War of 1812
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a war between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France
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Continental System
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was intended to economically isolate Britain
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Wagram (1809)
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second time Napoleon defeated the Austrians
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Joseph Bonaparte
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king of Spain in 1810
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Jerome Bonaparte
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king of Westphalia in 1810
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Peninsular War
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Spain, supported by Britain, waged a guerrilla war against the French
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Duke of Wellington
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lead the British in the Peninsular War
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Grand Army
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army of 500,000 men made by Napoleon to beat Alexander I when he refused to obey the Continental System
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"scorched Earth"
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when the Russians retreated and burned crops and villages, leaving nothing for the invaders
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Borodino
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Battle which proved to be a costly draw between Napoleon and the Russians
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Battle of Leipzig (Battle of Nations)
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1813 Napoleon was finally defeated and people began to speak about restoring the Bourbons
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Frankfurt Proposals
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would leave Napoleon as a weakened emperor. Suggested by Metternich
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Viscount Castlereagh
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British prime minister; subsidized the allies to win support against Napoleon; Treaty of Chaumont, was sent to negotiate with the allies
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Treaty of Chaumont
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promising not to disband for 20 years, It provided for the restoration of the Bourbons to the French throne and the contraction of France to its frontiers of 1792. Established the Quadruple Alliance.
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Treaty of Fountainbleau
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the allies exiled Napoleon to the island of Elba
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Elba
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where Napoleon was exiled the first time
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Count of Provence
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the restored Louis XVIII
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First Treaty of Paris (1814)
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the borders of France would be the same as 1792
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Charter of 1814
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signed by Louis XVIII, granted the people liberties, created a bicameral legislature, and guaranteed equality before the law
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Hundred Days
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The brief period during 1815 when Napoleon made his last bid for power, deposing the French King and again becoming Emperor of France
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Waterloo
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where the Allies fought against Napoleon one last time, he was eventually defeated when a Prussian army arrived to help Wellington
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Wellington
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British general and statesman, defeated Napoleon at Waterloo
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St. Helena
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where Napoleon was exiled to the second time
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Congress of Vienna (1814-1815)
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Congress was convened by Metternich to redraw the boundaries of France and met for the first time in November 1814
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Cottage Industry
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system had been in place for 2 centuries prior to Industrial Revolution
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guilds
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controlled the craftsmen and monitored the quality of the work but in the rural areas there were no restrictions
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Putting-out system
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Merchants would provide the worker with raw material and the workers would then make the final product
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mercantilism
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new resources were introduced to Europe and developed this
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a) capital b) Bank of England c) deep-water ports d) rivers e) coal and iron reserves f) colonial markets g) cheap labor h) pro-business policies
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Causes of the Industrial Revolution in England
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textile industry
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the first industry to industrialize
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John Kay 1733
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invented the flying shuttle DATE
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flying shuttle 1733
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invented by John Kay DATE
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James Hargreaves 1765
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designed the spinning jenny
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Richard Arkwright
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invented the water frame
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Samuel Crompton
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combined the spinning jenny and the water frame to create the spinning mule, which allowed the spinner to create different types of threads
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Edmund Cartwright
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invented the power loom, opened a factory with the power looms powered by steam engines
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Eli Whitney
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invented the cotton gin, which made cotton production far more profitable
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Thomas Savory (1698)
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invented the first steam engine designed to pump water out of the mines
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Thomas Newcomen (1712)
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invented a more successful steam pump
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James Watt (1770s)
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redesigned the Newcomen engine to create the first efficient steam engine
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John McAdam
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creator of the modern road, used coal tar to bind small stones to create a smooth and durable surface
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Robert Fulton
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built the Clermont, the commercially successful steamship
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George Stephenson
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invented the first successful steam locomotive- the Rocket, which was able to travel in excess of 20 m.p.h.
