Substance Use, Misuse and Abuse Ch. 10-13 – Flashcards
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The major commercial species of Nicotiana that is grown for tobacco products is
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Nicotiana tobacum.
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People who switch to low tar and nicotine brand cigarettes
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typically take more and deeper puffs and probably get no safety benefit.
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90 percent of all U.S. cigarettes sold are now
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Filter cigars
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Tobacco use became popular in European culture because:
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it was associated with wealth and status
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During the 18th century, which method of use of tobacco increased in England
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Snuff
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In 2000, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the FDA
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Had no authority to regulare tobacco products
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Chewing was the most popular form of tobacco use until about 1900, but by 1920 the most popular form was
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cigars
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The biggest health concern for users of smokeless tobacco has been
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cancer of the mouth, pharynx, and esophagus.
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As a potent poison, nicotine causes death by
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increasing blood pressure until a stroke occurs.
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Recent research on the dependence produced by nicotine has focused on genetic differences related to:
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acetylcholine receptors
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One recent fad in tobacco use has been
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hookahs (water pipes)
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Gum, patches, lozenges, and inhalers are all various forms of
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nicotine replacement therapy
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Although lung cancer is not common, about _______ percent of all lung cancers occur in smokers.
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85
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In 1993, the Environmental Protection Agency declared that
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secondhand smoke is a known carcinogen that increases lung cancer risk.
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Nicotine acts in the brain by
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first stimulating and then blocking cholinergic receptors
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In July 2011, the nicotine vaccine NicVax was
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found to be no better than placebo.
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The psychological effect of cigarette smoking is
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arousal and activation--a mild stimulant effect calm and relaxation--a mild antianxiety effect.
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In 2006, the FDA approved a nicotine partial agonist drug as a smoking treatment. The drug is
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varenicline (Chantix)
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Annual "smoking attributable mortality" in the U.S. is estimated at
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440,000
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About 90 percent of the more than 40 million former smokers in the U.S. report that
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they quit smoking without a treatment program.
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One of the most consistent and best-documented effects of cigarette smoking during pregnancy is
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low birth weight
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In 1970, Americans drank more coffee than any other nonalcoholic beverage product. By 2009,
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Americans drank approximately twice as many gallons of soft drinks as compared to coffee
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Most regular brewed teas have about how much caffeine per cup?
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40-60 mg (about half the amount in coffee)
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_____________ is prescribed to asthma sufferers because it relaxes bronchial passages.
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theophylline
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The early history of coffee included a 1674 pamphlet from England titled
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The Women's Petition Against Coffee.
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Theobroma, the genus name for the cacao tree, is Latin for
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food of the gods
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The largest exporters of coffee to the U.S. are
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Colombia, Brazil, Guatemala, and Mexico.
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Green, black, and oolong tea are all prepared from leaves of
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Camellia sinensis
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In the 18th century, English coffeehouses were referred to as
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penny universities
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The legend of the discovery of coffee relates to
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Kaldi and his dancing goats
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The world's greatest per-capita consumers of tea are found in
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Turkey
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All of the xanthines have similar effects. But which one has the greatest overall effect?
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caffeine
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According to current FDA rules on "cola" drinks
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they cannot contain more than 6 mg caffeine per ounce
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One important determinant of the behavioral effects of caffeine is
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whether the person is a regular user
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The most consistent withdrawal symptom after chronic caffeine use is
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headache
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In 1909, the FDA seized some Coca-Cola syrup and filed charges against the company partly because
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the syrup contained caffiene
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Often people who drink too much alcohol attempt to "sober up" by drinking coffee. Several studies support the idea that caffeine
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is likely to lead to increased arousal, but the drinker is still impaired
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Caffeine has been shown to be an effective treatment for
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migraine headaches
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The unique xanthine in chocolate is
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theobromine
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Drinking 5 or more cups of coffee per day
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doubles the risk of heart attack
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Caffeine works in the brain by
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blocking adenosine receptors
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The main active ingredient in Red Bull and other energy drinks is
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caffeine
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Caffeine is thought to relieve headaches because it is
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a vasoconstrictor.
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The maximum CNS effect of caffeine is reached about _____ after drinking coffee.
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2 hours
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The 1994 Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act
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expanded the definition of dietary supplements and restricted the FDA's regulatory authority over them.
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What dietary supplement ingredient has been tested for its ability to improve memory in Alzheimer's disease, but has produced only small and unreliable improvements in published research?
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Ginkgo biloba
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Starting in 2007, the only FDA-approved OTC weight-control ingredient is
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orlistat (alli).
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The FDA was given additional authority over dietary supplements in 2006 to set up
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an "Adverse Events Reporting" process.
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Because of the way the FDA reviews and approves OTC drugs,
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various brands of a given type of remedy usually contain the same few active ingredients
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Many of the capsules, pills, and powders that look like drugs and that consumers think of as drugs are actually classified by the FDA as
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food products
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If you buy a bottle of St. John's wort 300 mg tablets, each tablet will contain 300 mg
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total tablet weight, with an unknown amount of plant material or ingredients
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The U.S. market for over-the-counter drug products totals about
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$18 billion
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The only active ingredient the FDA allows in OTC stimulants is
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caffeine
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The 2006 revised PATRIOT Act required that products containing __________ be kept "behind the counter," and buyers must show identification and sign for their purchase.
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pseudoephedrine
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SAMe (S-adenosyl-L-methionine) is a dietary supplement that has some research support for its possible use in treating
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depression
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Why would you want dextromethorphan in a cold remedy?
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It acts as a cough suppressant
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NSAID stands for
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non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
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Suppose you have a cold and you choose to take Tylenol Cold to treat your symptoms (runny nose, congested nasal passages, and fever). Which of these ingredients in this OTC product is unnecessary?
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dextromethorphan
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There has been some reported abuse by young people of products containing _________, which they take in high doses to produce visual and auditory hallucinations
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dextromethorphan
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The generic name for Tylenol and Datril is
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acetaminophen.
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Acetylsalicylic acid was developed in the Bayer laboratory in Germany in 1898 and sold under the brand name
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Aspirin
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Aspirin should not be used with children who have a viral infection because of increased risk of
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Reye's syndrome
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The textbook suggests that consumers are best able to choose from among the wide variety of OTC products by
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knowing a fairly small number of ingredient names.
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Suppose you had a fever, a headache, and a swollen knee. Which medication would be most appropriate to treat all three symptoms?
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dextromethorphan
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Besides analgesia (pain relief), another important effect of aspirin is as a(n)
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antipyretic (reduces fever)
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The acronym GRAS stands for
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generally recognized as safe
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Cold viruses are usually transmitted
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by being picked up on the hands and touching your eyes or nose
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The earliest recorded use of opium as a medicine was probably by
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Egyptians, around 1500 BC
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The 16th century European physician Paracelsus, and later Dr. Thomas Sydenham promoted the use of
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laudanum.
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In 1898, Bayer laboratories marketed diacetylmorphine tablets under the brand name
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Heroin
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The two major active chemicals in opium are
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morphine and codeine.
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Papaver somniferum is the scientific name for
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the opium poppy
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Heroin became the drug of choice for many opioid users
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during the 1920s, because it was easier to smuggle the small amounts needed for an effective dose.
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One thing that apparently contributed to the spread of opium smoking in China was
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a 1644 edict from the emperor forbidding tobacco smoking.
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By the beginning of the 20th century, a greater percentage of Americans were dependent on opioids than at any time before or since. Opium smoking and medical use of injected pure morphine were important contributors to this, along with
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Patent medicines containing opium extracts or morphine
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Possession of opium, morphine, or heroin without a prescription was made a crime by
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a 1915 Supreme Court decision.
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The Opium War of 1839-1842 resulted, among other things, in
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the island of Hong Kong becoming a British possession.
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"Black tar" is
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a name given heroin from Mexico that is brown or black in its pure form
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At the current time, most of the heroin in the U.S. originates from poppy fields in
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Colombia and Mexico.
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Vicodin and OxyContin are examples of
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prescription opioids that are being misused at relatively high rates.
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Which of these opioids is about 100 times as potent as morphine?
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fentanyl
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Naloxone, nalorphine, and naltrexone are examples of
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opioid antagonists.
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Enkephalins, endorphins, and dynorphins are
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three classes of endogenous chemicals that have effects similar to morphine
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Although pain relief is now the major medical use for opioids, they have been used to save many lives (especially in underdeveloped countries) because of their ability to
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treat diarrhea
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Siegel and his colleagues have shown in animal studies that tolerance to opioids
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is partly due to conditioned responses
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The textbook says that opioid withdrawal is similar to
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a bad case of intestinal flu
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The fact that animals with no history of opioid withdrawal will press a lever to self-administer low doses of intravenous morphine or heroin demonstrates the importance of ____________ in developing opioid dependence.
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positive reinforcement
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In a heroin user, negative reinforcement of drug-taking behavior can occur when
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withdrawal symptoms are alleviated by another injection
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Long-term exposure to opioid drugs
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has not been clearly shown to produce damage to any tissue or organ system
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Heroin is more potent than morphine because
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it more readily crosses the blood-brain barrier
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