Home Page Alcohol Withdrawal Symptoms Substance Use Ch. 10-18 - Flashcards

Substance Use Ch. 10-18 – Flashcards

Carol Rushing

7 July 2022

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One of SAMHSA's model community prevention programs

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Works for changes in alcohol policies and ordinances.

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The DARE program stands for

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Drug Abuse Resistance Education

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Beginning in 1986, the federal government launched a massive campaign based on anti-drug policies, locker searches, etc., to promote

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"Drug-Free" schools

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In discussing what we should be doing in drug prevention, the text says, "above all"

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Avoid sensational scare stories and preachy approaches

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Having students discuss their reactions to various moral and ethical dilemmas as a means to help them clarify their own values was one example of the general prevention approach known as

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affective education

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Tertiary prevention programs are aimed at

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People who have completed treatment for dependence and need relapse prevention or follow up

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Teaching students relaxation or meditation techniques was seen as one possible way of providing

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Alternatives to drug use

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The textbook pointed out that drug prevention and what else might have different goals and use different approaches.

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prevention of relapse

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According to the text, the ultimate goal of workplace drug prevention programs is to

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Prevent drug use by making clear that it is not condoned.

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One study of the Life Skills Training program found significantly lower use of

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marijuana, alcohol, and tobacco after 6 years

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Project ALERT and Life Skills Training were included as examples of

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Programs that Work, according to the Center for Substance Abuse Prevention

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Primary prevention programs are aimed at

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Young people who have not tried drugs

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In the early 1970s, the Knowledge-Attitudes-Behavior model began to be questioned when it was learned that

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Students with more knowledge about drugs had a more positive attitude toward drugs

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Which of these is NOT one of the successful components included in the social influence model?

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Discussing the penalties for getting caught with cigarettes

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Which of these is NOT one of the Institute of Medicine's classifications for prevention programs?

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affective prevention

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Out-of-school peer programs include peer influence approaches, as well as

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Peer participation programs, such as community service

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The ad campaign Above the Influence targets which age group?

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12-17

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DARE is one of the most widespread drug prevention programs in schools. Research on DARE has shown that

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It has not produced lasting reductions in drug or alcohol use

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The social influence model grew out of a 1976 paper describing a successful prevention approach aimed at

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Cigarette smoking

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The most consistent feature of workplace drug prevention programs has been

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random urine testing

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In the public health model, programs designed to reach people who have started using some substances and to prevent them from abusing these substances or moving to more dangerous substances, would be classified as

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secondary prevention

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Which of these was NOT discussed as an effective family-based drug prevention approach?

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parenting, interactions and support (These are the effective family-based drug prevention approaches)

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CBT approaches to treatment

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Have the clients identify people, places, and behaviors associated with drug use.

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Because of the potential danger of alcohol withdrawal symptoms, these symptoms are often prevented or treated by administering

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Benzodiazepines

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Besides methadone, another substitute medication has recently been approved for maintaining opioid dependent patients. It is

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Buprenorphine

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Giving the user rewards for drug-free urine samples

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Is a form of contingency management

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Which one of these is an agonist therapy?

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methadone, nicotine replacement

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Because most opioid dependent people prescribed naltrexone stop taking it,

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researchers are testing a depot form that blocks heroin's effects for up to 6 weeks.

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Motivational enhancement therapy has as its goal

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has as its goal helping the user move to another "stage of change."

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Both drug agonist (substitution) and antagonist treatments are included in the __________ phase of treatment.

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maintenance

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Although many medications have been tested for treating cocaine dependence, most have shown little promise and none has yet been approved. The most promising results have been found with

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modafinil.

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Is treatment for drug dependence effective?

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Statistically, treatment does reduce crime and increase employment.

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Which of these has NOT received FDA approval for use during the maintenance phase of alcohol

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disulfiram(Antabuse), naltrexone, and acamprostate(calcium acetyl) THESE ARE USED IN THE MAINTENANCE

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Rapid opioid detoxification is based on

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Anesthetizing users and administering an antagonist, so that withdrawal occurs while they are asleep

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substance that accounted for the most admissions in the Treatment Episode Data Set from 2009 was

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opioid?

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The most common form of medical treatment for opioid dependence is

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methadone maintenance

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Before we can evaluate the success of a drug treatment program, we have to understand the program's

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Goals

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Which of these is NOT an FDA-approved form of nicotine replacement therapy?

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THESE ARE APPROVED: transdermal nicotine patch, gum, nasal spray, vapor inhaler, lozenge.

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Studies of court-ordered referrals to Alcoholics Anonymous versus other types of interventions have

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Not found differences in effectiveness between AA and other approaches

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Although naltrexone has been used to treat alcohol dependence, it

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Is an opioid antagonist, and it is not clear how it works with alcohol users.

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The "therapeutic workplace" is an example of what approach to drug treatment?

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Contingency management

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Although no medication has yet received FDA approval for treating cannabis dependence, one has shown effectiveness in relieving cannabis withdrawal symptoms. That medication is

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oral THC

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Varenicline, approved in 2006 for smoking cessation.

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Is a partial nicotine-receptor agonist.

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Prevention of withdrawal symptoms using medications would be considered part of the ____________ process.

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Detoxification

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Which of these was NOT one of the three reasons given for why we focus so much attention on drug use by athletes?

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Athletes make so much money

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One of the early types of stimulant drug reported to be used by boxers and others was

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strychnine.

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In the 1800s, the French cycling team endorsed Mariani's "wine for athletes" that contained

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cocaine.

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Stimulant drugs like caffeine, amphetamines, and cocaine are sometimes considered to increase energy output and are, therefore, called __________ drugs.

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ergogenic

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The International Olympics Committee first established rules disqualifying competitors who failed or who refused to take drug tests in

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1968.

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After the National Football League banned the distribution of amphetamines in 1971,

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individual players could still get a prescription and use amphetamines if they wanted.

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During and after World War II, it was found that malnourished people could gain weight more rapidly if they were treated with

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testosterone.

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An American physician came back from the 1956 Olympic games after learning about the Soviets' use of a steroid drug and helped to develop and test more selective ____________ steroids.

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anabolic

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The 2003 BALCO scandal involved a laboratory that was

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selling a previously undetectable steroid to baseball players

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One side effect of the tougher 2006 drug testing policies in Major League Baseball is that

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more players are diagnosed with ADHD so they can have therapeutic-use exemptions to take stimulant drugs.

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College athletes who want to avoid failing a drug test

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have to be very careful, because there are more than 3,000 products containing banned substances.

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Extensive testing of the effects of amphetamines has concluded that they

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can improve performances by a few percentage points.

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Laboratory studies of endurance on stationary bicycles have found that caffeine

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can significantly improve work output at doses of 300-500 mg.

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One ingredient in dietary supplements was banned by the FDA in 2004 after a Major League Baseball pitcher died from heat stroke after using it. The ingredient was

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ephedrine.

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Although testosterone and related anabolic steroids clearly increase muscle mass during puberty, it has been more difficult to determine scientifically whether adult men with normal testosterone can get much stronger from extra steroids, partly because

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it would be unethical to expose research participants to the high doses of multiple steroids reportedly used by athletes.

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It has been difficult to do double-blind, placebo-controlled studies on the effects of steroids because

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they produce detectable psychological effects.

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Which of these was NOT mentioned as one of the psychological side effects of high doses of steroids? A. memory loss B. psychological dependence C. mood swings D. increased aggressiveness ("'roid rage")

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memory loss

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Women who use steroids to increase their strength might produce some irreversible effects, including

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increased facial hair growth.

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As part of the Omnibus Crime Control Act of 1990, anabolic steroids were

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listed as Schedule III controlled substances, with limited prescription refills

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So-called "pituitary giants" often die at an early age because their internal organs continue to grow due to excessive production of

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human growth hormone.

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Clenbuterol was first detected in Olympic athletes in 1992. Originally developed as a bronchodilator for treating asthma, this drug is

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a beta-2 agonist

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One widely-used legal dietary supplement that has been shown to increase strength is

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creatine.

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Some bodybuilders are trying to appear not only big and strong, but also lean. This is sometimes referred to as looking

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cut, ripped, or shredded.

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An ideal body fat range for a healthy male is

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14 to 20 percent

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Which of the following stimulant drugs have been used as performance enhancers in athletic competitions

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A. Strychine B. Cocaine C. Caffeine

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The origin of the word "dope" is derived from the Dutch word used in South Africa to refer to

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a cheap brandy used to impair the performance of racing horses

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Most of the resin is in which part of the cannabis plant?

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flowering tops.

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Cannabis indica has more psychoactive potency, whereas Cannabis sativa is more associated with

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hemp.

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The primary active ingredient in marijuana is

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delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).

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Hashish refers to

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pure cannabis resin.

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The flowering tops (buds) of unpollinated female cannabis plants produce a high-grade marijuana known as

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sinsemilla.

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The American public began to take interest in the new drug menace known as marijuana

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after a New Orleans newspaper in 1926 associated its use with crime.

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The 1944 LaGuardia report of the New York Academy of Medicine concluded that "those who have been smoking marihuana for a period of years . . ."

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showed no mental or physical deterioration

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The 70 chemicals that are known to be unique to the cannabis plant are called

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cannabinoids.

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The natural substance in the body that has marijuana-like effects is called

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anandamide.

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In a study of heart rate changes following smoked marijuana with 4 percent THC or 20 mg oral THC

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the peak effects were similar, but smoking produced a faster onset of effects.

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The abuse potential of THC

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is higher for smoked than for oral THC

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A consistent cognitive effect of marijuana, seen both in frequent users and in less experienced users, is

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slowing of cognitive processing.

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A great number of studies have consistently reported that smoked marijuana and oral THC both produce

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increased total daily food intake

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Studies show that marijuana increases which of the following?

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Nonverbal social interactions.

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In 1985, the FDA approved the sale of dronabinol (Marinol), which

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is a capsule containing THC

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The 1999 report from the Institute of Medicine suggested that marijuana cigarettes should

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be allowed for no more than six months for patients with intractable pain or vomiting

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Tolerance to the effects of smoked marijuana

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allows experienced marijuana users to obtain euphoric effects with minimal cognitive impairment.

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Studies of the effects of marijuana on automobile driving show

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significant impairments when inexperienced users are studied in a laboratory environment.

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Which of the following has NOT been found as an effect of regular marijuana use?

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Increased testosterone levels in men

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Which of the following did NOT occur in the late 1960s and throughout the1970s in the United States?

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Marijuana use among high school students reached an all-time low.

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The current shift in the U.S. public's attitude towards marijuana laws is probably partly related to which of the following?

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Increasing evidence that marijuana is relatively innocuous A desire to spend federal funds more wisely and gain tax revenue

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Rimonabant is currently available as an anti-obesity agent. What is its primary mechanism of action?

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CB1 receptor antagonist

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As of mid-2012, at least _____ states and Washington, D.C. have passed ballot initiatives allowing the use of medical marijuana.

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In hunter-gatherer societies, the shaman or medicine man (or woman) was important not only for understanding what we now call medicine, but also because he or she was

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a spiritual, or religious leader.

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One name that has been used for hallucinogenic drugs is psychedelic, which means

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mind-viewing, and implies a beneficial, visionary effect.

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One major grouping of hallucinogens typically allows the user to remain in some touch with the real world and to remember much of what he or she experienced. This group of drugs was referred to as the

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phantastica.

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LSD and psilocybin belong to the chemical grouping of

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indoles.

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LSD was synthesized from alkaloids derived from

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ergot fungus.

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The psychological effect of LSD was first reported by

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Albert Hofmann, the Swiss chemist who developed the drug.

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The major thrust of early research on LSD was for its

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supposed ability to access the subconscious mind.

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During the 1950s, one U.S. government agency that conducted research with LSD was the

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Central Intelligence Agency.

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The early LSD researcher who was fired from his academic job, became a proponent of hallucinogenic drug use, and started a religion in which LSD was the sacrament is:

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Timothy Leary.

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LSD is considered to be the most potent psychoactive agent known to man because

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it produces effects at such low doses.

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. Although LSD has complex effects in the brain, the best evidence indicates that its hallucinogenic properties are due to stimulating

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serotonin-2A receptors.

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The sensation of experiencing sounds as pictures, or of seeing movements produced by musical rhythms, is known as

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synesthesia.

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In rare cases, people who have used LSD experience similar symptoms weeks or months later. The common term for this has been

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flashbacks.

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Psilocybe mexicana and Psilocybe cubensis are examples of

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hallucinogenic mushrooms.

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A close relative of LSD, d-lysergic acid amide, is found naturally in

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morning glories and Hawaiian baby woodroses

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DMT, a short-acting hallucinogen that is usually ineffective when taken orally, is found in

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Cohoba snuff.

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The combination of two plants, one containing DMT and the other containing harmaline (an MAO inhibitor), was originally used by indigenous cultures in South America and is called,

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ayahuasca

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The Native American Church includes aspects of Christianity and uses __________ as a sacrament.

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peyote

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Besides hallucinations, mescaline also produces

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pupil dilation, increased heart rate and blood pressure.

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The catechol hallucinogens include mescaline plus a variety of synthetic derivatives of

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amphetamine.

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A drug that has been reported to produce an increase in sociability and euphoria, as well as an increase in blood pressure, body temperature, and pulse is:

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MDMA

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PCP was patented as Sernyl and first tested as

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a dissociative anesthetic.

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The PCP experience differs from LSD and mescaline experiences in that PCP users

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report more changes in body perception

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Peace pill and angel dust have been street names for

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PCP

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Atropa belladonna is also known by the name

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deadly nightshade

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The anticholinergic plant with a forked root that is mentioned in the Bible is

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mandrake.

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The red and white speckled mushroom that has been associated with an early Christian cult as well as with other religions all over the world is

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amanita muscaria.

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The indole originally found in toad skins, that turns out not to be a very potent hallucinogen, is

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bufotenin.

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Which of the following hallucinogens has NOT received recent scientific interest as a psychotherapeutic agent?

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PCP

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Which of the following most accurately describes recent psilocybin research?

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the acute effects on mystical experiences

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When evaluating drug-related data from animal studies, which of these questions should be asked?

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A. Was the dosing regimen used similar to that used by humans? B. Was the route of administration similar to that used by humans? C. Was the drug self-administered by the animal

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In 2009, the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act

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authorized the FDA to regulate tobacco products in specific ways.

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One big factor associated with lower rates of cigarette smoking among adults is

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Higher level of education

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Per capita sales of cigarettes in the U.S. began to decline

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after the 1964 Surgeon General's report

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Reynolds was unable to market Premier, a plastic cigarette containing catalytic crystals coated with tobacco extract, because

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the FDA considered them a "nicotine delivery device" rather than an agricultural product

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The major commercial species of Nicotiana that is grown for tobacco products is

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Nicotiana tobacum.

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People who switch to low tar and nicotine brand cigarettes

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typically take more and deeper puffs and probably get no safety benefit.

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90 percent of all U.S. cigarettes sold are now

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Filter cigars

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Tobacco use became popular in European culture because:

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it was associated with wealth and status

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During the 18th century, which method of use of tobacco increased in England

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Snuff

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In 2000, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the FDA

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Had no authority to regulare tobacco products

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Chewing was the most popular form of tobacco use until about 1900, but by 1920 the most popular form was

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cigars

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The biggest health concern for users of smokeless tobacco has been

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cancer of the mouth, pharynx, and esophagus.

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As a potent poison, nicotine causes death by

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increasing blood pressure until a stroke occurs.

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Recent research on the dependence produced by nicotine has focused on genetic differences related to:

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acetylcholine receptors

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One recent fad in tobacco use has been

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hookahs (water pipes)

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Gum, patches, lozenges, and inhalers are all various forms of

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nicotine replacement therapy

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Although lung cancer is not common, about _______ percent of all lung cancers occur in smokers.

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In 1993, the Environmental Protection Agency declared that

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secondhand smoke is a known carcinogen that increases lung cancer risk.

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Nicotine acts in the brain by

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first stimulating and then blocking cholinergic receptors

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In July 2011, the nicotine vaccine NicVax was

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found to be no better than placebo.

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The psychological effect of cigarette smoking is

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arousal and activation--a mild stimulant effect calm and relaxation--a mild antianxiety effect.

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In 2006, the FDA approved a nicotine partial agonist drug as a smoking treatment. The drug is

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varenicline (Chantix)

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Annual "smoking attributable mortality" in the U.S. is estimated at

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440,000

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About 90 percent of the more than 40 million former smokers in the U.S. report that

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they quit smoking without a treatment program.

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One of the most consistent and best-documented effects of cigarette smoking during pregnancy is

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low birth weight

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In 1970, Americans drank more coffee than any other nonalcoholic beverage product. By 2009,

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Americans drank approximately twice as many gallons of soft drinks as compared to coffee

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Most regular brewed teas have about how much caffeine per cup?

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40-60 mg (about half the amount in coffee)

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_____________ is prescribed to asthma sufferers because it relaxes bronchial passages.

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theophylline

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The early history of coffee included a 1674 pamphlet from England titled

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The Women's Petition Against Coffee.

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Theobroma, the genus name for the cacao tree, is Latin for

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food of the gods

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The largest exporters of coffee to the U.S. are

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Colombia, Brazil, Guatemala, and Mexico.

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Green, black, and oolong tea are all prepared from leaves of

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Camellia sinensis

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In the 18th century, English coffeehouses were referred to as

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penny universities

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The legend of the discovery of coffee relates to

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Kaldi and his dancing goats

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The world's greatest per-capita consumers of tea are found in

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Turkey

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All of the xanthines have similar effects. But which one has the greatest overall effect?

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caffeine

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According to current FDA rules on "cola" drinks

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they cannot contain more than 6 mg caffeine per ounce

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One important determinant of the behavioral effects of caffeine is

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whether the person is a regular user

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The most consistent withdrawal symptom after chronic caffeine use is

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headache

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In 1909, the FDA seized some Coca-Cola syrup and filed charges against the company partly because

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the syrup contained caffiene

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Often people who drink too much alcohol attempt to "sober up" by drinking coffee. Several studies support the idea that caffeine

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is likely to lead to increased arousal, but the drinker is still impaired

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Caffeine has been shown to be an effective treatment for

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migraine headaches

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The unique xanthine in chocolate is

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theobromine

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Drinking 5 or more cups of coffee per day

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doubles the risk of heart attack

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Caffeine works in the brain by

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blocking adenosine receptors

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The main active ingredient in Red Bull and other energy drinks is

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caffeine

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Caffeine is thought to relieve headaches because it is

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a vasoconstrictor.

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The maximum CNS effect of caffeine is reached about _____ after drinking coffee.

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2 hours

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The 1994 Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act

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expanded the definition of dietary supplements and restricted the FDA's regulatory authority over them.

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What dietary supplement ingredient has been tested for its ability to improve memory in Alzheimer's disease, but has produced only small and unreliable improvements in published research?

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Ginkgo biloba

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Starting in 2007, the only FDA-approved OTC weight-control ingredient is

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orlistat (alli).

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The FDA was given additional authority over dietary supplements in 2006 to set up

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an "Adverse Events Reporting" process.

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Because of the way the FDA reviews and approves OTC drugs,

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various brands of a given type of remedy usually contain the same few active ingredients

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Many of the capsules, pills, and powders that look like drugs and that consumers think of as drugs are actually classified by the FDA as

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food products

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If you buy a bottle of St. John's wort 300 mg tablets, each tablet will contain 300 mg

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total tablet weight, with an unknown amount of plant material or ingredients

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The U.S. market for over-the-counter drug products totals about

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$18 billion

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The only active ingredient the FDA allows in OTC stimulants is

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caffeine

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The 2006 revised PATRIOT Act required that products containing __________ be kept "behind the counter," and buyers must show identification and sign for their purchase.

answer

pseudoephedrine

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SAMe (S-adenosyl-L-methionine) is a dietary supplement that has some research support for its possible use in treating

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depression

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Why would you want dextromethorphan in a cold remedy?

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It acts as a cough suppressant

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NSAID stands for

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non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug

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Suppose you have a cold and you choose to take Tylenol Cold to treat your symptoms (runny nose, congested nasal passages, and fever). Which of these ingredients in this OTC product is unnecessary?

answer

dextromethorphan

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There has been some reported abuse by young people of products containing _________, which they take in high doses to produce visual and auditory hallucinations

answer

dextromethorphan

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The generic name for Tylenol and Datril is

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acetaminophen.

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Acetylsalicylic acid was developed in the Bayer laboratory in Germany in 1898 and sold under the brand name

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Aspirin

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Aspirin should not be used with children who have a viral infection because of increased risk of

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Reye's syndrome

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The textbook suggests that consumers are best able to choose from among the wide variety of OTC products by

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knowing a fairly small number of ingredient names.

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Suppose you had a fever, a headache, and a swollen knee. Which medication would be most appropriate to treat all three symptoms?

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dextromethorphan

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Besides analgesia (pain relief), another important effect of aspirin is as a(n)

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antipyretic (reduces fever)

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The acronym GRAS stands for

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generally recognized as safe

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Cold viruses are usually transmitted

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by being picked up on the hands and touching your eyes or nose

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The earliest recorded use of opium as a medicine was probably by

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Egyptians, around 1500 BC

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The 16th century European physician Paracelsus, and later Dr. Thomas Sydenham promoted the use of

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laudanum.

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In 1898, Bayer laboratories marketed diacetylmorphine tablets under the brand name

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Heroin

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The two major active chemicals in opium are

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morphine and codeine.

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Papaver somniferum is the scientific name for

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the opium poppy

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Heroin became the drug of choice for many opioid users

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during the 1920s, because it was easier to smuggle the small amounts needed for an effective dose.

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One thing that apparently contributed to the spread of opium smoking in China was

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a 1644 edict from the emperor forbidding tobacco smoking.

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By the beginning of the 20th century, a greater percentage of Americans were dependent on opioids than at any time before or since. Opium smoking and medical use of injected pure morphine were important contributors to this, along with

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Patent medicines containing opium extracts or morphine

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Possession of opium, morphine, or heroin without a prescription was made a crime by

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a 1915 Supreme Court decision.

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The Opium War of 1839-1842 resulted, among other things, in

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the island of Hong Kong becoming a British possession.

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"Black tar" is

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a name given heroin from Mexico that is brown or black in its pure form

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At the current time, most of the heroin in the U.S. originates from poppy fields in

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Colombia and Mexico.

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Vicodin and OxyContin are examples of

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prescription opioids that are being misused at relatively high rates.

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Which of these opioids is about 100 times as potent as morphine?

answer

fentanyl

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Naloxone, nalorphine, and naltrexone are examples of

answer

opioid antagonists.

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Enkephalins, endorphins, and dynorphins are

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three classes of endogenous chemicals that have effects similar to morphine

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Although pain relief is now the major medical use for opioids, they have been used to save many lives (especially in underdeveloped countries) because of their ability to

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treat diarrhea

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Siegel and his colleagues have shown in animal studies that tolerance to opioids

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is partly due to conditioned responses

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The textbook says that opioid withdrawal is similar to

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a bad case of intestinal flu

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The fact that animals with no history of opioid withdrawal will press a lever to self-administer low doses of intravenous morphine or heroin demonstrates the importance of ____________ in developing opioid dependence.

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positive reinforcement

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In a heroin user, negative reinforcement of drug-taking behavior can occur when

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withdrawal symptoms are alleviated by another injection

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Long-term exposure to opioid drugs

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has not been clearly shown to produce damage to any tissue or organ system

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Heroin is more potent than morphine because

answer

it more readily crosses the blood-brain barrier

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question

One of SAMHSA's model community prevention programs

answer

Works for changes in alcohol policies and ordinances.

question

The DARE program stands for

answer

Drug Abuse Resistance Education

question

Beginning in 1986, the federal government launched a massive campaign based on anti-drug policies, locker searches, etc., to promote

answer

"Drug-Free" schools

question

In discussing what we should be doing in drug prevention, the text says, "above all"

answer

Avoid sensational scare stories and preachy approaches

question

Having students discuss their reactions to various moral and ethical dilemmas as a means to help them clarify their own values was one example of the general prevention approach known as

answer

affective education

question

Tertiary prevention programs are aimed at

answer

People who have completed treatment for dependence and need relapse prevention or follow up

question

Teaching students relaxation or meditation techniques was seen as one possible way of providing

answer

Alternatives to drug use

question

The textbook pointed out that drug prevention and what else might have different goals and use different approaches.

answer

prevention of relapse

question

According to the text, the ultimate goal of workplace drug prevention programs is to

answer

Prevent drug use by making clear that it is not condoned.

question

One study of the Life Skills Training program found significantly lower use of

answer

marijuana, alcohol, and tobacco after 6 years

question

Project ALERT and Life Skills Training were included as examples of

answer

Programs that Work, according to the Center for Substance Abuse Prevention

question

Primary prevention programs are aimed at

answer

Young people who have not tried drugs

question

In the early 1970s, the Knowledge-Attitudes-Behavior model began to be questioned when it was learned that

answer

Students with more knowledge about drugs had a more positive attitude toward drugs

question

Which of these is NOT one of the successful components included in the social influence model?

answer

Discussing the penalties for getting caught with cigarettes

question

Which of these is NOT one of the Institute of Medicine's classifications for prevention programs?

answer

affective prevention

question

Out-of-school peer programs include peer influence approaches, as well as

answer

Peer participation programs, such as community service

question

The ad campaign Above the Influence targets which age group?

answer

12-17

question

DARE is one of the most widespread drug prevention programs in schools. Research on DARE has shown that

answer

It has not produced lasting reductions in drug or alcohol use

question

The social influence model grew out of a 1976 paper describing a successful prevention approach aimed at

answer

Cigarette smoking

question

The most consistent feature of workplace drug prevention programs has been

answer

random urine testing

question

answer

secondary prevention

question

Which of these was NOT discussed as an effective family-based drug prevention approach?

answer

parenting, interactions and support (These are the effective family-based drug prevention approaches)

question

CBT approaches to treatment

answer

Have the clients identify people, places, and behaviors associated with drug use.

question

Because of the potential danger of alcohol withdrawal symptoms, these symptoms are often prevented or treated by administering

answer

Benzodiazepines

question

Besides methadone, another substitute medication has recently been approved for maintaining opioid dependent patients. It is

answer

Buprenorphine

question

Giving the user rewards for drug-free urine samples

answer

Is a form of contingency management

question

Which one of these is an agonist therapy?

answer

methadone, nicotine replacement

question

Because most opioid dependent people prescribed naltrexone stop taking it,

answer

researchers are testing a depot form that blocks heroin's effects for up to 6 weeks.

question

Motivational enhancement therapy has as its goal

answer

has as its goal helping the user move to another "stage of change."

question

Both drug agonist (substitution) and antagonist treatments are included in the __________ phase of treatment.

answer

maintenance

question

Although many medications have been tested for treating cocaine dependence, most have shown little promise and none has yet been approved. The most promising results have been found with

answer

modafinil.

question

Is treatment for drug dependence effective?

answer

Statistically, treatment does reduce crime and increase employment.

question

Which of these has NOT received FDA approval for use during the maintenance phase of alcohol

answer

disulfiram(Antabuse), naltrexone, and acamprostate(calcium acetyl) THESE ARE USED IN THE MAINTENANCE

question

Rapid opioid detoxification is based on

answer

Anesthetizing users and administering an antagonist, so that withdrawal occurs while they are asleep

question

substance that accounted for the most admissions in the Treatment Episode Data Set from 2009 was

answer

opioid?

question

The most common form of medical treatment for opioid dependence is

answer

methadone maintenance

question

Before we can evaluate the success of a drug treatment program, we have to understand the program's

answer

Goals

question

Which of these is NOT an FDA-approved form of nicotine replacement therapy?

answer

THESE ARE APPROVED: transdermal nicotine patch, gum, nasal spray, vapor inhaler, lozenge.

question

Studies of court-ordered referrals to Alcoholics Anonymous versus other types of interventions have

answer

Not found differences in effectiveness between AA and other approaches

question

Although naltrexone has been used to treat alcohol dependence, it

answer

Is an opioid antagonist, and it is not clear how it works with alcohol users.

question

The "therapeutic workplace" is an example of what approach to drug treatment?

answer

Contingency management

question

Although no medication has yet received FDA approval for treating cannabis dependence, one has shown effectiveness in relieving cannabis withdrawal symptoms. That medication is

answer

oral THC

question

Varenicline, approved in 2006 for smoking cessation.

answer

Is a partial nicotine-receptor agonist.

question

Prevention of withdrawal symptoms using medications would be considered part of the ____________ process.

answer

Detoxification

question

Which of these was NOT one of the three reasons given for why we focus so much attention on drug use by athletes?

answer

Athletes make so much money

question

One of the early types of stimulant drug reported to be used by boxers and others was

answer

strychnine.

question

In the 1800s, the French cycling team endorsed Mariani's "wine for athletes" that contained

answer

cocaine.

question

Stimulant drugs like caffeine, amphetamines, and cocaine are sometimes considered to increase energy output and are, therefore, called __________ drugs.

answer

ergogenic

question

The International Olympics Committee first established rules disqualifying competitors who failed or who refused to take drug tests in

answer

1968.

question

After the National Football League banned the distribution of amphetamines in 1971,

answer

individual players could still get a prescription and use amphetamines if they wanted.

question

During and after World War II, it was found that malnourished people could gain weight more rapidly if they were treated with

answer

testosterone.

question

An American physician came back from the 1956 Olympic games after learning about the Soviets' use of a steroid drug and helped to develop and test more selective ____________ steroids.

answer

anabolic

question

The 2003 BALCO scandal involved a laboratory that was

answer

selling a previously undetectable steroid to baseball players

question

One side effect of the tougher 2006 drug testing policies in Major League Baseball is that

answer

more players are diagnosed with ADHD so they can have therapeutic-use exemptions to take stimulant drugs.

question

College athletes who want to avoid failing a drug test

answer

have to be very careful, because there are more than 3,000 products containing banned substances.

question

Extensive testing of the effects of amphetamines has concluded that they

answer

can improve performances by a few percentage points.

question

Laboratory studies of endurance on stationary bicycles have found that caffeine

answer

can significantly improve work output at doses of 300-500 mg.

question

One ingredient in dietary supplements was banned by the FDA in 2004 after a Major League Baseball pitcher died from heat stroke after using it. The ingredient was

answer

ephedrine.

question

answer

it would be unethical to expose research participants to the high doses of multiple steroids reportedly used by athletes.

question

It has been difficult to do double-blind, placebo-controlled studies on the effects of steroids because

answer

they produce detectable psychological effects.

question

answer

memory loss

question

Women who use steroids to increase their strength might produce some irreversible effects, including

answer

increased facial hair growth.

question

As part of the Omnibus Crime Control Act of 1990, anabolic steroids were

answer

listed as Schedule III controlled substances, with limited prescription refills

question

So-called "pituitary giants" often die at an early age because their internal organs continue to grow due to excessive production of

answer

human growth hormone.

question

Clenbuterol was first detected in Olympic athletes in 1992. Originally developed as a bronchodilator for treating asthma, this drug is

answer

a beta-2 agonist

question

One widely-used legal dietary supplement that has been shown to increase strength is

answer

creatine.

question

Some bodybuilders are trying to appear not only big and strong, but also lean. This is sometimes referred to as looking

answer

cut, ripped, or shredded.

question

An ideal body fat range for a healthy male is

answer

14 to 20 percent

question

Which of the following stimulant drugs have been used as performance enhancers in athletic competitions

answer

A. Strychine B. Cocaine C. Caffeine

question

The origin of the word "dope" is derived from the Dutch word used in South Africa to refer to

answer

a cheap brandy used to impair the performance of racing horses

question

Most of the resin is in which part of the cannabis plant?

answer

flowering tops.

question

Cannabis indica has more psychoactive potency, whereas Cannabis sativa is more associated with

answer

hemp.

question

The primary active ingredient in marijuana is

answer

delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).

question

Hashish refers to

answer

pure cannabis resin.

question

The flowering tops (buds) of unpollinated female cannabis plants produce a high-grade marijuana known as

answer

sinsemilla.

question

The American public began to take interest in the new drug menace known as marijuana

answer

after a New Orleans newspaper in 1926 associated its use with crime.

question

The 1944 LaGuardia report of the New York Academy of Medicine concluded that "those who have been smoking marihuana for a period of years . . ."

answer

showed no mental or physical deterioration

question

The 70 chemicals that are known to be unique to the cannabis plant are called

answer

cannabinoids.

question

The natural substance in the body that has marijuana-like effects is called

answer

anandamide.

question

In a study of heart rate changes following smoked marijuana with 4 percent THC or 20 mg oral THC

answer

the peak effects were similar, but smoking produced a faster onset of effects.

question

The abuse potential of THC

answer

is higher for smoked than for oral THC

question

A consistent cognitive effect of marijuana, seen both in frequent users and in less experienced users, is

answer

slowing of cognitive processing.

question

A great number of studies have consistently reported that smoked marijuana and oral THC both produce

answer

increased total daily food intake

question

Studies show that marijuana increases which of the following?

answer

Nonverbal social interactions.

question

In 1985, the FDA approved the sale of dronabinol (Marinol), which

answer

is a capsule containing THC

question

The 1999 report from the Institute of Medicine suggested that marijuana cigarettes should

answer

be allowed for no more than six months for patients with intractable pain or vomiting

question

Tolerance to the effects of smoked marijuana

answer

allows experienced marijuana users to obtain euphoric effects with minimal cognitive impairment.

question

Studies of the effects of marijuana on automobile driving show

answer

significant impairments when inexperienced users are studied in a laboratory environment.

question

Which of the following has NOT been found as an effect of regular marijuana use?

answer

Increased testosterone levels in men

question

Which of the following did NOT occur in the late 1960s and throughout the1970s in the United States?

answer

Marijuana use among high school students reached an all-time low.

question

The current shift in the U.S. public's attitude towards marijuana laws is probably partly related to which of the following?

answer

Increasing evidence that marijuana is relatively innocuous A desire to spend federal funds more wisely and gain tax revenue

question

Rimonabant is currently available as an anti-obesity agent. What is its primary mechanism of action?

answer

CB1 receptor antagonist

question

As of mid-2012, at least _____ states and Washington, D.C. have passed ballot initiatives allowing the use of medical marijuana.

answer

question

In hunter-gatherer societies, the shaman or medicine man (or woman) was important not only for understanding what we now call medicine, but also because he or she was

answer

a spiritual, or religious leader.

question

One name that has been used for hallucinogenic drugs is psychedelic, which means

answer

mind-viewing, and implies a beneficial, visionary effect.

question

answer

phantastica.

question

LSD and psilocybin belong to the chemical grouping of

answer

indoles.

question

LSD was synthesized from alkaloids derived from

answer

ergot fungus.

question

The psychological effect of LSD was first reported by

answer

Albert Hofmann, the Swiss chemist who developed the drug.

question

The major thrust of early research on LSD was for its

answer

supposed ability to access the subconscious mind.

question

During the 1950s, one U.S. government agency that conducted research with LSD was the

answer

Central Intelligence Agency.

question

The early LSD researcher who was fired from his academic job, became a proponent of hallucinogenic drug use, and started a religion in which LSD was the sacrament is:

answer

Timothy Leary.

question

LSD is considered to be the most potent psychoactive agent known to man because

answer

it produces effects at such low doses.

question

. Although LSD has complex effects in the brain, the best evidence indicates that its hallucinogenic properties are due to stimulating

answer

serotonin-2A receptors.

question

The sensation of experiencing sounds as pictures, or of seeing movements produced by musical rhythms, is known as

answer

synesthesia.

question

In rare cases, people who have used LSD experience similar symptoms weeks or months later. The common term for this has been

answer

flashbacks.

question

Psilocybe mexicana and Psilocybe cubensis are examples of

answer

hallucinogenic mushrooms.

question

A close relative of LSD, d-lysergic acid amide, is found naturally in

answer

morning glories and Hawaiian baby woodroses

question

DMT, a short-acting hallucinogen that is usually ineffective when taken orally, is found in

answer

Cohoba snuff.

question

The combination of two plants, one containing DMT and the other containing harmaline (an MAO inhibitor), was originally used by indigenous cultures in South America and is called,

answer

ayahuasca

question

The Native American Church includes aspects of Christianity and uses __________ as a sacrament.

answer

peyote

question

Besides hallucinations, mescaline also produces

answer

pupil dilation, increased heart rate and blood pressure.

question

The catechol hallucinogens include mescaline plus a variety of synthetic derivatives of

answer

amphetamine.

question

A drug that has been reported to produce an increase in sociability and euphoria, as well as an increase in blood pressure, body temperature, and pulse is:

answer

MDMA

question

PCP was patented as Sernyl and first tested as

answer

a dissociative anesthetic.

question

The PCP experience differs from LSD and mescaline experiences in that PCP users

answer

report more changes in body perception

question

Peace pill and angel dust have been street names for

answer

PCP

question

Atropa belladonna is also known by the name

answer

deadly nightshade

question

The anticholinergic plant with a forked root that is mentioned in the Bible is

answer

mandrake.

question

The red and white speckled mushroom that has been associated with an early Christian cult as well as with other religions all over the world is

answer

amanita muscaria.

question

The indole originally found in toad skins, that turns out not to be a very potent hallucinogen, is

answer

bufotenin.

question

Which of the following hallucinogens has NOT received recent scientific interest as a psychotherapeutic agent?

answer

PCP

question

Which of the following most accurately describes recent psilocybin research?

answer

the acute effects on mystical experiences

question

When evaluating drug-related data from animal studies, which of these questions should be asked?

answer

A. Was the dosing regimen used similar to that used by humans? B. Was the route of administration similar to that used by humans? C. Was the drug self-administered by the animal

question

In 2009, the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act

answer

authorized the FDA to regulate tobacco products in specific ways.

question

One big factor associated with lower rates of cigarette smoking among adults is

answer

Higher level of education

question

Per capita sales of cigarettes in the U.S. began to decline

answer

after the 1964 Surgeon General's report

question

Reynolds was unable to market Premier, a plastic cigarette containing catalytic crystals coated with tobacco extract, because

answer

the FDA considered them a "nicotine delivery device" rather than an agricultural product

question

The major commercial species of Nicotiana that is grown for tobacco products is

answer

Nicotiana tobacum.

question

People who switch to low tar and nicotine brand cigarettes

answer

typically take more and deeper puffs and probably get no safety benefit.

question

90 percent of all U.S. cigarettes sold are now

answer

Filter cigars

question

Tobacco use became popular in European culture because:

answer

it was associated with wealth and status

question

During the 18th century, which method of use of tobacco increased in England

answer

Snuff

question

In 2000, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the FDA

answer

Had no authority to regulare tobacco products

question

Chewing was the most popular form of tobacco use until about 1900, but by 1920 the most popular form was

answer

cigars

question

The biggest health concern for users of smokeless tobacco has been

answer

cancer of the mouth, pharynx, and esophagus.

question

As a potent poison, nicotine causes death by

answer

increasing blood pressure until a stroke occurs.

question

Recent research on the dependence produced by nicotine has focused on genetic differences related to:

answer

acetylcholine receptors

question

One recent fad in tobacco use has been

answer

hookahs (water pipes)

question

Gum, patches, lozenges, and inhalers are all various forms of

answer

nicotine replacement therapy

question

Although lung cancer is not common, about _______ percent of all lung cancers occur in smokers.

answer

question

In 1993, the Environmental Protection Agency declared that

answer

secondhand smoke is a known carcinogen that increases lung cancer risk.

question

Nicotine acts in the brain by

answer

first stimulating and then blocking cholinergic receptors

question

In July 2011, the nicotine vaccine NicVax was

answer

found to be no better than placebo.

question

The psychological effect of cigarette smoking is

answer

arousal and activation--a mild stimulant effect calm and relaxation--a mild antianxiety effect.

question

In 2006, the FDA approved a nicotine partial agonist drug as a smoking treatment. The drug is

answer

varenicline (Chantix)

question

Annual "smoking attributable mortality" in the U.S. is estimated at

answer

440,000

question

About 90 percent of the more than 40 million former smokers in the U.S. report that

answer

they quit smoking without a treatment program.

question

One of the most consistent and best-documented effects of cigarette smoking during pregnancy is

answer

low birth weight

question

In 1970, Americans drank more coffee than any other nonalcoholic beverage product. By 2009,

answer

Americans drank approximately twice as many gallons of soft drinks as compared to coffee

question

Most regular brewed teas have about how much caffeine per cup?

answer

40-60 mg (about half the amount in coffee)

question

_____________ is prescribed to asthma sufferers because it relaxes bronchial passages.

answer

theophylline

question

The early history of coffee included a 1674 pamphlet from England titled

answer

The Women's Petition Against Coffee.

question

Theobroma, the genus name for the cacao tree, is Latin for

answer

food of the gods

question

The largest exporters of coffee to the U.S. are

answer

Colombia, Brazil, Guatemala, and Mexico.

question

Green, black, and oolong tea are all prepared from leaves of

answer

Camellia sinensis

question

In the 18th century, English coffeehouses were referred to as

answer

penny universities

question

The legend of the discovery of coffee relates to

answer

Kaldi and his dancing goats

question

The world's greatest per-capita consumers of tea are found in

answer

Turkey

question

All of the xanthines have similar effects. But which one has the greatest overall effect?

answer

caffeine

question

According to current FDA rules on "cola" drinks

answer

they cannot contain more than 6 mg caffeine per ounce

question

One important determinant of the behavioral effects of caffeine is

answer

whether the person is a regular user

question

The most consistent withdrawal symptom after chronic caffeine use is

answer

headache

question

In 1909, the FDA seized some Coca-Cola syrup and filed charges against the company partly because

answer

the syrup contained caffiene

question

Often people who drink too much alcohol attempt to "sober up" by drinking coffee. Several studies support the idea that caffeine

answer

is likely to lead to increased arousal, but the drinker is still impaired

question

Caffeine has been shown to be an effective treatment for

answer

migraine headaches

question

The unique xanthine in chocolate is

answer

theobromine

question

Drinking 5 or more cups of coffee per day

answer

doubles the risk of heart attack

question

Caffeine works in the brain by

answer

blocking adenosine receptors

question

The main active ingredient in Red Bull and other energy drinks is

answer

caffeine

question

Caffeine is thought to relieve headaches because it is

answer

a vasoconstrictor.

question

The maximum CNS effect of caffeine is reached about _____ after drinking coffee.

answer

2 hours

question

The 1994 Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act

answer

expanded the definition of dietary supplements and restricted the FDA's regulatory authority over them.

question

What dietary supplement ingredient has been tested for its ability to improve memory in Alzheimer's disease, but has produced only small and unreliable improvements in published research?

answer

Ginkgo biloba

question

Starting in 2007, the only FDA-approved OTC weight-control ingredient is

answer

orlistat (alli).

question

The FDA was given additional authority over dietary supplements in 2006 to set up

answer

an "Adverse Events Reporting" process.

question

Because of the way the FDA reviews and approves OTC drugs,

answer

various brands of a given type of remedy usually contain the same few active ingredients

question

Many of the capsules, pills, and powders that look like drugs and that consumers think of as drugs are actually classified by the FDA as

answer

food products

question

If you buy a bottle of St. John's wort 300 mg tablets, each tablet will contain 300 mg

answer

total tablet weight, with an unknown amount of plant material or ingredients

question

The U.S. market for over-the-counter drug products totals about

answer

$18 billion

question

The only active ingredient the FDA allows in OTC stimulants is

answer

caffeine

question

The 2006 revised PATRIOT Act required that products containing __________ be kept "behind the counter," and buyers must show identification and sign for their purchase.

answer

pseudoephedrine

question

SAMe (S-adenosyl-L-methionine) is a dietary supplement that has some research support for its possible use in treating

answer

depression

question

Why would you want dextromethorphan in a cold remedy?

answer

It acts as a cough suppressant

question

NSAID stands for

answer

non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug

question

Suppose you have a cold and you choose to take Tylenol Cold to treat your symptoms (runny nose, congested nasal passages, and fever). Which of these ingredients in this OTC product is unnecessary?

answer

dextromethorphan

question

There has been some reported abuse by young people of products containing _________, which they take in high doses to produce visual and auditory hallucinations

answer

dextromethorphan

question

The generic name for Tylenol and Datril is

answer

acetaminophen.

question

Acetylsalicylic acid was developed in the Bayer laboratory in Germany in 1898 and sold under the brand name

answer

Aspirin

question

Aspirin should not be used with children who have a viral infection because of increased risk of

answer

Reye's syndrome

question

The textbook suggests that consumers are best able to choose from among the wide variety of OTC products by

answer

knowing a fairly small number of ingredient names.

question

Suppose you had a fever, a headache, and a swollen knee. Which medication would be most appropriate to treat all three symptoms?

answer

dextromethorphan

question

Besides analgesia (pain relief), another important effect of aspirin is as a(n)

answer

antipyretic (reduces fever)

question

The acronym GRAS stands for

answer

generally recognized as safe

question

Cold viruses are usually transmitted

answer

by being picked up on the hands and touching your eyes or nose

question

The earliest recorded use of opium as a medicine was probably by

answer

Egyptians, around 1500 BC

question

The 16th century European physician Paracelsus, and later Dr. Thomas Sydenham promoted the use of

answer

laudanum.

question

In 1898, Bayer laboratories marketed diacetylmorphine tablets under the brand name

answer

Heroin

question

The two major active chemicals in opium are

answer

morphine and codeine.

question

Papaver somniferum is the scientific name for

answer

the opium poppy

question

Heroin became the drug of choice for many opioid users

answer

during the 1920s, because it was easier to smuggle the small amounts needed for an effective dose.

question

One thing that apparently contributed to the spread of opium smoking in China was

answer

a 1644 edict from the emperor forbidding tobacco smoking.

question

answer

Patent medicines containing opium extracts or morphine

question

Possession of opium, morphine, or heroin without a prescription was made a crime by

answer

a 1915 Supreme Court decision.

question

The Opium War of 1839-1842 resulted, among other things, in

answer

the island of Hong Kong becoming a British possession.

question

"Black tar" is

answer

a name given heroin from Mexico that is brown or black in its pure form

question

At the current time, most of the heroin in the U.S. originates from poppy fields in

answer

Colombia and Mexico.

question

Vicodin and OxyContin are examples of

answer

prescription opioids that are being misused at relatively high rates.

question

Which of these opioids is about 100 times as potent as morphine?

answer

fentanyl

question

Naloxone, nalorphine, and naltrexone are examples of

answer

opioid antagonists.

question

Enkephalins, endorphins, and dynorphins are

answer

three classes of endogenous chemicals that have effects similar to morphine

question

Although pain relief is now the major medical use for opioids, they have been used to save many lives (especially in underdeveloped countries) because of their ability to

answer

treat diarrhea

question

Siegel and his colleagues have shown in animal studies that tolerance to opioids

answer

is partly due to conditioned responses

question

The textbook says that opioid withdrawal is similar to

answer

a bad case of intestinal flu

question

answer

positive reinforcement

question

In a heroin user, negative reinforcement of drug-taking behavior can occur when

answer

withdrawal symptoms are alleviated by another injection

question

Long-term exposure to opioid drugs

answer

has not been clearly shown to produce damage to any tissue or organ system

question

Heroin is more potent than morphine because

answer

it more readily crosses the blood-brain barrier

Substance Use Ch. 10-18 – Flashcards

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