study sheet for photosynthesis and cellular respiration – Flashcards
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Where does photosynthesis occur in eukaryotes?
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In the chloroplasts of the plant cell.
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Process for photosynthesis
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1. Cell takes in water & carbon dioxide 2. Sunlight is energy source 3. Glucose sugar is formed as the product 4. Oxygen is given off as the byproduct
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What do cells take in during photosynthesis?
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Water
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What is the energy source for photosynthesis?
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Sunlight
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What is the final product of photosynthesis?
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Glucose
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What is the byproduct of photosynthesis?
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Oxygen
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How does gas enter and leave the leaf?
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Through the stomata
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Stomata
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Small mouth-like openings in bottom of leaf
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Where does the majority of photosynthesis occur?
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Palisade Mesophyll Cells
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Where are Palisade Mesophyll cells located?
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Just below the upper epidermis of leaf
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What are the 2 phases of photosynthesis?
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1. Light dependent reaction (aka light reaction) 2. Light-independent reaction (aka dark reaction of Calvin Cycle)
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Where does the light-dependent reaction take place?
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Thylakoids of the chloroplast (1st part of light-dependent reaction)
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Where are the thylakoids located?
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In stacks call grana.
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What are grana?
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Location for thylakoids.
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Where does sunlight strike the chlorophyll?
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Thylakoid membrane
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What happens when sunlight strikes the chlorophyll?
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Water molecule splits and releases excited electrons
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Energy passed along chains of molecules is called:
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Photosystem II and Photosystem I
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NADPH
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Energy storage compound formed from energy from electrons
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Chemiosmosis
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2nd part of light-dependent reaction that uses hydrogen ions or protons (H+) from the split water molecule
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When is oxygen released as byproduct?
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During chemiosmosis
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Where do hydrogen ions move in chemiosmosis?
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To the interior of the thylakoid, resulting in a higher concentration of hydrogen inside the thylakoid than outside.
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Where do hydrogen ions go after the thylakoid?
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The stroma.
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How is the energy storage molecule ATP made?
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By the energy from the outward motion of hydrogen ions.
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What is the overall effect of the light-dependent reaction?
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Storing energy from the sun in the form of NADPH and ATP.
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Light-independent Reaction
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AKA Dark Reaction or Calvin Cycle
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Calvin Cycle
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Light-independent Reaction or Dark Reaction
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Dark Reaction
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Light-independent Reaction or Calvin Cycle
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Where does light-independent reaction occur?
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Outside the thylakoids in the stroma.
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What happens during light-independent reaction?
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Carbon dioxide molecules join with ribulose molecules 1, 6 biphosphate or RuBP (5-carbon compound).
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5-carbon compound
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Carbon dioxide, ribulose molecules, and biphosphate or RuBP
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Result of Calvin Cycle
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12 molecules of 3-carbon compound called glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate of G3P.
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How many G3P molecules are used to make more RuBP?
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10
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What happens to the other 2 G3P molecules (of the total 12 produced)?
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Joined to form the 6-carbon compound called Glucose
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Where does energy come from to power the Calvin Cycle?
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NADPH and ATP from the light-dependent reaction (above).
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3 stages of Cellular Respiration
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1. Glycolysis 2. Krebs Cycle 3. Electron Transport
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Where does Glycolysis occur?
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Outside the mitochondria
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Anaerobic
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Required no oxygen
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Does the Glycolysis phase require oxygen?
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No
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Which phases of cellular respiration require oxygen?
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Krebs Cycle Electron Transport
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Where do last 2 phases of cellular respiration occur?
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Mitochondria
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What kind of reaction is cellular respiration?
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An Exothermic Reaction
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What does Exothermic Reaction (or cellular respiration) produce?
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Energy to run bodies of plants and animals.
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Process of cellular respiration (or Exothermic Reaction)
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1. Cell takes in oxygen 2. Oxygen reacts with glucose 3. Carbon dioxide and water are released as byproducts
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Byproducts of cellular respiration (Exothermic Reaction)
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Carbon dioxide Water
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Glycolysis
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Anaerobic process (requires no oxygen) 6-carbon glucose molecule is split into 2 molecules of 3-carbon pyruvic acid (pyruvate)
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Pyruvate
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3-cargon pyruvic acid from glycolysis
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How is ATP and NADH produced?
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By splitting of glucose
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Where does glycolysis occur?
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Outside the mitochondria
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Krebs Cycle
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1) 3-carbon pyruvate (outside mitochondria) broken down to 2-carbon compound called acetyl-CoA 2) Acetyl-CoA moves into mitochondrion with a 4-carbon compound oxaloacetic acid 3) 6-carbon compound citric acid is formed
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Why is Krebs Cycle known as the citric acid cycle?
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Because citric acid is formed
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What does 3-carbon pyruvate break down into?
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2-carbon acetyl-CoA
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How is citric acid formed?
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Acetyl-CoA+oxaloacetic acid
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What energy storage molecules are produced by the Krebs Cycle?
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1) ATP 2) NADH 3) FADH2
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What is the last phase (of 3 total phases) of cellular respiration?
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Electron Transport
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Where does electron transport occur
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Mitochondrion
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Another name for Electron Transport
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Aerobic Process
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Electron transport process
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1) Electrons move along the mitochondrial membrane 2) Energy from electrons and hydrogen ions from FADH2 and NADH are used to form ATP (energy storage molecule) 3) Hydrogen ions move across mitochondrial membrane providing energy through chemiosmosis 4) Oxygen acts as an electron receptor 5) Oxygen + Hydrogen = Water
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Energy Storage Molecule
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ATP
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Chemiosmosis
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Energy provided when Hydrogen ions moving across the mitochondrial membrane
