study guide for exam 1 human anatomy & physiology – Flashcards
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anatomy
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study of body structure
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integumentary, skeletal & muscular
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the 3 body systems that offer protection, support & movement
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physiology
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the study of how the body functions
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metabolism
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all the life-sustaining reactions that occur within the body systems together make up
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anabolism
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simple compounds are built into more complex(energy-required building phase of metabolism in which simpler substances are combined to form more complex substances)
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catabolism
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Process of breaking down complex materials (foods) to form simpler substances and release energy (substances are broken down into building blocks)
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ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
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one of the principal chemical compounds that living things use to store and release energy
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pathology
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the branch of medical science that studies the causes and effects of diseases
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cell
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(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms
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tissue
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group of similar cells that perform a particular function
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organs
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group of tissues that work together to perform closely related functions
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organ system
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A group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions.
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homeostasis
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Process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment.
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mediastinum
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open space between the lungs
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muscular system
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includes smooth, cardiac & skeletal muscle tissues, gives support, structure, and movement throughout the body
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nervous system
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The body system organized into the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, that send and receive messages and integrate the body's activities.
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endocrine system
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the system of glands that produce secretions that help to control bodily metabolic activity such as growth, nutrient utilization, & reproduction
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cardiovascular system
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the heart & blood vessels make up the system involved in circulating blood and lymph through the body
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lymphatic system
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these vessels assist in circulation by returning fluids from tissues to blood. The tonsils & thymus gland play a role in immunity, protecting from disease. This system also aids in the absorption of dietary fats
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respiratory system
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The organ system responsible for the intake of oxygen and diffusion of that gas into the blood and the elimination of carbon dioxide from the body. Important structures of the system are the pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs. Alveoli in the lungs are the location of gas exchange with the blood. The movement of the muscular diaphragm allows the lungs to inhale and exhale.
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digestive system
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provides the body with nutrients, water, and electrolytes essential for health. These organs serve to ingest, digest, and absorb food and eliminate the remains (mouth, esophagus, stomach, small & large intestine, liver, gallbladder, & pancreas)
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urinary system
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consisting of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra, removes wastes from the blood and helps to maintain water and electrolyte balance
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reproductive system
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organs and tissues involved in the production and maturation of gametes and in their union and subsequent development as offspring
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the difference between negative & positive feedback
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negative feedback systems reverses a condition to bring it back to a norm, positive feedback intensifies a response
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the difference between intracellular and extracellular fluid
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extracellular fluid includes all body fluids outside the cells (bathes the cells, carries nutrients to & from cells & transports nutrients into and out of cells). Intracellular fluid is contained within the cells
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superior
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above or in a higher position
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inferior
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below or lower
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anterior or ventral
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toward belly surface or front of body
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medial
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nearer to midline of body, dividing into left & right
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lateral
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away from midline, toward the side
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proximal
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nearer to the origin of a structure
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distal
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farther from the origin
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frontal or coronal plane
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divides the body into anterior or ventral (front) and posterior or dorsal (back) sections
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sagittal plane
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a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts
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midsagittal plane
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a cut exactly down the midline of body
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transverse plane
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horizontal division of the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) portions
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dorsal cavity
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body cavity that is located toward the back part of the body; divided into the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity
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ventral cavity
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cavity along the anterior side of the body made of the abdominal cavity and the thoracic cavity
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heart, lungs & large blood vessels that join the heart
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the organs of the thoracic cavity
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mediastinum
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open space between the lungs
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diaphragm
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a muscle used in breathing that separates the thoracic & abdominopelvic cavities
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abdominal & pelvic cavities
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the 2 regions that the abdominopelvic cavity is subdivided
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the organs in the abdominal cavity
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stomach, most of the intestine, the liver, gallbladder, pancreas & spleen
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the organs of the pelvic cavity
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urinary bladder, rectum & internal parts of the reproductive system
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the 3 central regions, from superior to inferior
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epigastric region (inferior to breastbone), umbilical region (around the naval),& hypogastric region (most inferior of all midline)
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the regions on the right & left, from superior to inferior
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left & right hypochondriac regions (inferior to ribs), left & right lumbar regions (level - lumbar of spine), & left & right iliac or inguinal region
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the 4 quadrants of the abdomen
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right & left upper quadrant right & left lower quadrant
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cephalic
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head
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parietal
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crown
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cranial
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skull
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facial
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face
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oral
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mouth
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occipital
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base of skull
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cervical
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neck
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brachial
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arm
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axillary
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armpit
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antecubital
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inside elbow
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manual
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hand
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palmar
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palm
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mammary
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breast
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thoracic
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chest
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umbilical
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naval
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caudal
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tail
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femoral
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thigh
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patellar
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knee cap
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popliteal
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back of knee
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pedal
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foot
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plantar
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sole of foot
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5 ml
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1 tsp is how many ml?
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15 ml
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1 tbs is how many ml?
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1 liter
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1000 ml is how many liters?
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1 kg
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2.2 lbs is how many kg?
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37 c
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98.6 f is how much in c?
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nervous & endocrine
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the 2 body systems for coordination & control
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cardiovascular & lymphatic
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the 2 body systems for circulation
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respiratory, digestive & urinary
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the 3 body systems for nutrition & fluid balance
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reproductive
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the body system for production of offspring
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A) the structure of the stomach
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which is the most suitable field of study for an anatomist? A) the structure of the stomach B) the mechanism of protein digestion, C) stomach cancer, D) anabolic reactions
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B) cell, tissue, organ, system, organism
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There are numerous levels of organization in the body. The correct order from simplest to most complex is A) organ, tissue, cell, organism, system B) cell, tissue, organ, system, organism C) system, cell, organ, organism, tissue D) cell, system, tissue, organ, organism
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C) a rise in blood calcium levels stimulates release of a hormone that lowers blood calcium levels
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Which example illustrates negative feedback? A) decreased blood sugar stimulates release of a hormone that further decreases blood sugar B) Decrease room temperature activates a thermostat, which further decreases heat output by a furnace C) a rise in blood calcium levels stimulates release of a hormone that lowers blood calcium levels D) a rise in estrogen levels stimulates production of a hormone that stimulates estrogen production.
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A) skeletal
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Which system is comprised of bones & joints? A) skeletal B) nervous C) immune D) muscular
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A) anabolic reaction
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A reaction in which simple compounds are assembled into more complex compounds is most accurately described as a A) anabolic reaction B) catabolic reaction C) homeostatic reaction D) metabolic reaction
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C) a rise in blood calcium levels stimulate release of a hormone that lowers blood calcium levels
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Which example illustrates negative feedback? A) decreased blood sugar stimulates release of a hormone that further decreases blood sugar B) decreased room temperature activates a thermostat, which further decreases heat output by a furnace C) a rise in blood calcium levels stimulate release of a hormone that lowers blood calcium levels D) a rise in estrogen levels stimulates production of a hormone that stimulates estrogen production
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C) medial
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Which term means closer to the body's midline? A) distal B) lateral C) medial D) transverse
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C) frontal plane
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The plane that divides the body into anterior & posterior parts is the A) sagittal plane B) proximal plane C) frontal plane D) midsagittal plane
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C) lung
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Which organ is not in the abdominopelvic cavity? A) gallbladder B) liver C) lung D) small intestine
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B) hypogastric region
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Which abdominal region is most inferior & medial? A) epigastric region B) hypogastric region C) inguinal region D) umbilical region
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B) femoral
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Which anatomical adjective describes the anterior thigh? A) crural B) femoral C) popliteal D) sural
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A) constant
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The term -stasis is best defined as A) constant B) downward C) upward D) variable
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oxygen
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O is the symbol of this element
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carbon
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C is the symbol of this element
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hydrogen
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H is the symbol of this element
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nitrogen
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N is the symbol of this element
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calcium
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Ca is the symbol of this element
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phosphorus
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P is the symbol of this element
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potassium
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K is the symbol of this element
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sulfur
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S is the symbol of this element
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sodium
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Na is the symbol of this element
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chloride
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Cl is the symbol of this element
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iron
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Fe is the symbol of this element
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oxygen (O)
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the most abundant element in our bodies
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elements
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these are the building blocks of all matter, 92 occur in nature
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oxygen (O)
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this element participates in ATP production
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carbon (C)
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this element is the building block of organic compounds
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hydrogen (H)
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this element participates in acid-base balance
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nitrogen (N)
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this element is present in protein, DNA, RNA,and ATP
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calcium (Ca)
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this element builds bones & teeth
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potassium (K) & sodium (Na)
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these 2 elements are needed for nerve impulse conduction
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potassium (K)
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if this element increases, it could cause heart erthymias or death
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sodium (Na)
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element needed for nerve impulse conduction
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chloride (Cl)
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element found in stomach acid
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iron (Fe)
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element that carries oxygen in red blood cells
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atoms
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the smallest unit of matter that has the characteristics of an element; consists of three main types of subatomic particles: protons neutrons and electrons.
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protons
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positively charged particles in the nucleus of an atom
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neutrons
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the particles of the nucleus that have no charge
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electrons
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Negatively charged particles that orbit around the nucleus of an atom
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protons + neutrons
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atomic weight of an element (example: oxygen atomic weight = 16 b/c it has 8 protons & 8 neutrons in its nucleus)
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atomic # of an element
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the # of protons in the nucleus of atom=
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energy levels
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an atom's electrons orbit at specific distances from the nucleus in regions called
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2 electrons
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the 1st energy level is the one closest to the nucleus & it holds how many electrons?
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8 electrons
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the 2nd energy can hold how many electrons?
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chemical bonds
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an atom will form what with other atoms to fill its outermost energy level
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8 electrons
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the more distant energy levels can hold more than 8 electrons, but how many make it stable?
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by sharing or gaining electrons from 1 or more other atoms
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if outer most energy level has more than 4 but less than its capacity of 8 - how does the atom complete this level?
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loses those electrons to empty the level
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if atom has fewer than 4 electrons what does the atom do?
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B) oxygen
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Which element makes up the greatest percentage of body weight? A) nitrogen B) oxygen C) potassium D) sodium
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B) 26
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The atomic # of iron is 26, how many protons does iron have? A) 13 B) 26 C) 39 D) 52
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C) nonpolar bond
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What bond forms between 2 atoms that share their electrons equally? A) hydrogen bond B) ionic bond C) nonpolar bond D) polar bond
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C) electrolyte
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Which term best describes the sodium ion (Na+)? A) anion B) atom C) electrolyte D) element
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D) O2
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Which chemical is not a compound? A) Co2 B) H2O C) NaCl D) O2
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the importance of water
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most abundant compound in body, critical in all physiologic processes, deficiency (dehydration) threatens health, universal solvent, stable liquid at ordinary temperatures & participates in body's chemical reactions
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D) solvent
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Which term describes a substance that dissolves another substance? A) mixture B) solute C) solution D) solvent
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D) water
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Which substance is termed the universal solvent? A)an acid B) a base C) carbon D) water
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dehydration
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a condition in which fluid loss exceeds fluid intake and disrupts the body's normal electrolyte balance
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the ph scale
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This scale is a means to indicate the acidity or basicity of a solution. The scale ranges from 0 to 14 with 7 being neutral. Acids have a pH lower than 7 and bases have a pH higher than 7.
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acidosis
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body fluid pH below 7.35
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alkalosis
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body fluid pH above 7.45
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B) a base
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Which substance always accepts hydrogen ions? A) an acid B) a base C) a buffer D) a salt
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A) an acid
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Which substance always has a pH below 7? A) an acid B) a base C) a buffer D) a salt
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C) a buffer
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Which substance is most important in maintaining a relatively constant pH in body fluids? A) an acid B) a base C) a buffer D) a salt
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C) isotope
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A form of an element that differs in its atomic weight from other forms of that same element is a ---------------------. A) compound B) Ion C) isotope D) molecule
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(H) hydrogen, (O) oxygen, (C) carbon & (N) nitrogen
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the 4 elements that make up about 96% of the weight
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organic compounds
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the chemical compounds that characterize living things & all are built on the element carbon
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carbohydrates, lipids & proteins
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the 3 main types of organic compounds
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monosaccharides (simple sugars)
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the building blocks of carbohydrates
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glucose
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example of a monosaccharide that circulates in the blood as a cellular nutrient
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disaccharide
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2 simple sugars link together to form this, represented by sucrose, or table sugar
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polysaccharides
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glycogen; complex carbohydrates ( starch which is manufactured in plant cells)
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glycogen
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a storage form of glucose found in liver cells & skeletal muscle cells
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carbohydrates
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these in the form of starches & sugars are important dietary sources for energy
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lipids
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a class of organic compound that is not soluble in water, mainly found in fat
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glycerin
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simple fats made from glycerol
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glucose
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example of monosaccharide
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sucrose & lactose
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examples of disaccharide
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glycogen & starch
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examples of polysaccharide
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triglycerides
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simple fat composed of glycerol and 3 fatty acids, insulates body, protects organs & stores energy
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phospholipids
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complex lipid containing phosphorus & is the main component of cell membranes
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steroids
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contain rings of carbon atoms & regulate body function
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proteins
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found in muscles, bones & connective tissue. Contains the element Nitrogen along with carbon, hydrogen & oxygen. These are composed of the building blocks called amino acids
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enzymes
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these are essential for metabolism & serve as catalysts
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catalysts
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these increase the speed of chemical reactions
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A) carbon
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Which element is the basis of organic chemistry? A) carbon B) hydrogen C) nitrogen D) oxygen
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B) enzyme
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Which organic compound catalyzes metabolic reactions? A) carbohydrate B) enzyme C) lipid D) nucleotide
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D) nucleotide
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Which organic compound is used to store genetic information? A) carbohydrate B) enzyme C) lipid D) nucleotide
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B) enzyme
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A substance that has a name ending in -ase is most likely a ? A) carbohydrate B) enzyme C) lipid D) nucleotide
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cell
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basic unit of life
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cytology
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the study of cells
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prokaryote & eukaryote
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two kinds of cells
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prokaryote
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single celled organisms that do not have a nucleus or membrane bound organelles, contain cell wall/ cell membrane & contain DNA & ribosomes (example: bacteria)
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eukaryote
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largest cells, multicellular, contains a nucleus, contain membrane bound organelles= most organisms are these
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plasma membrane
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the outer layer of the cell, composed mainly of lipids & proteins
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plasma membrane
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this encloses cell contents, regulates what enters & leaves cell, & participates in many cell activities (growth, reproduction & cell to cell interactions)
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phospholipid bilayer, cholesterol & proteins
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plasma membrane components
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(tails) lipid ends of phospholipids ("water fearing" or hydrophobic)
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the inner part of the membrane is made up these
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(balls) phosphorus containing ends of phospholipids ("water loving" or hydrophilic)
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the outer part of the membrane is made up of these
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the 6 proteins in the plasma membrane
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1) channels 2) transporters 3) receptors 4) enzymes 5) linkers 6) cell identity markers
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channels
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pores in membrane that allow passage of specific substances
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transporters
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shuttle substances across membrane
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receptors
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allow for attachment of substances to membrane; used for cell to cell signaling
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enzymes
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participate in chemical reactions at membrane surface
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linkers
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give structure to membrane & attach cells to other cells
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cell identity markers
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proteins unique to a person's cells; important for immunity
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membrane potential
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the difference in electric charge on either side of the plasma membrane, caused by separation of positive & negative ions & proteins
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membrane potential
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this allows the plasma membrane to act as a battery, uses electrical energy to power membrane functions
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nucleus
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the largest of organelles, the control center of the atom which contains the protons and neutrons; in cells, structure that contains the cell's genetic material (DNA) and controls the cell's activities, within this is the nucleolus (dark area), where ribosomes are made, the nuclear membrane encloses its contents
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nucleolus
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small body in the nucleus:; composed of RNA, DNA & protein, makes ribosomes
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ribosomes
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organelles made of protein and RNA that direct protein synthesis in the cytoplasm
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cytoplasm
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material that fills the cell from nuclear membrane to plasma membrane, site of many cellular activities; consists of cytosol ( liquid part) & organelles
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cytosol
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the fluid portion of the cytoplasm, surrounds organelles
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endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
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is part of the internal delivery system to move substances within cells, it is a folded membrane with tubes & passageways located between nuclear membrane & plasma membrane, some areas have smooth ER which lack ribosomes & some have rough ER which have ribosomes
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rough ER
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covered in ribosomes found near the nucleus; the ribosomes on this make many of the cell's proteins & deliver them throughout the cell
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smooth ER
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lacks ribosomes; makes lipids & breaks down toxic materials that could damage the cell
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mitochondria
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("powerhouse of the cell") large bodies with internal folded membranes; convert energy from nutrients into ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
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Golgi apparatus
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layers of membranes; makes compounds containing proteins; sorts & prepare these compounds for transport to other parts of the cell or out of the cell ("finishing, packaging & mailing centers")
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lysosomes
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small sacs of digestive enzymes; digest substances within cell; acts as cellular garbage trucks, hauling away unusable waste & dumping it outside the cell (Lysol)
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peroxisomes
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membrane-enclosed organelles containing enzymes; break down harmful substances
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vesicles
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is a small sac that surrounds material to be moved into or out of a cell; all eukaryotic cells have these
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centrioles
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rod-shaped bodies (usually 2) near the nucleus; function in cell division, they help to organize the cell & divide the cell contents during this process
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cilia
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short hairlike projections that extend from the cell, moves the fluid around the cell (example: cells that line the respiratory tract have cilia that move impurities out of the system; ciliated cells in female reproductive tract move the egg cell)
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flagellum
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long, whiplike extension from the cell, moves the cell (male sperm cell)
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B) phospholipid
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What is the main substance of the plasma membrane? A) cholesterol B) phospholipid C) protein D) steroid
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C) mitochondrion
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Which organelle generates ATP? A) centriole B) golgi apparatus C) mitochondrion D) ribosome
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diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis & filtration
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the 4 types of passive transport processes (movement across the plasma membrane that does not require ATP)
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diffusion
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process by which molecules tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated
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facilitated diffusion
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solute diffuses with help of a transporter; insulin is the transporter for glucose into cells
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osmosis
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the diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane; movement of water from a lower solute concentration to high solute concentration (examples: hypertonic solution, hypotonic solution & isotonic )
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filtration
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mechanical force pushes solute & solvent across plasma membrane
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active transport
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movement of materials through the plasma membrane against the concentration gradient using transporters
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C) facilitated diffusion
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Which process uses transporters but not ATP? A) active transport B) endocytosis C) facilitated diffusion D) simple diffusion
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endocytosis & exocytosis
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these 2 active (vesicular) transport processes require ATP
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endocytosis
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transport of bulk amounts of materials into the cell using vesicles
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phagocytosis, pinocytosis & receptor-mediated endocytosis
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3 examples of endocytosis
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phagocytosis
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"cell eating"- large particles are engulfed by the plasma membrane & moved into the cell; membrane pinches off forming a vesicle that carries the particle into the cytoplasm
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pinocytosis
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process by which certain cells engulf and incorporate droplets of fluid; "cell drinking"
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B) endocytosis
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Which method transports bulk amounts of material into the cell using vesicles? A) active transport B) endocytosis C) exocytosis D) osmosis
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isotonic solution
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Solution that is equal in solute concentration to that of the cytoplasm of a cell; causes cell to neither lose nor gain water by osmosis so it has no effect on the cell shape.
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hypotonic solution
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in cells, solution in which the concentration of dissolved substances is lower in the solution outside the cell than the concentration inside the cell; causes a cell to swell and possibly burst (lysis) as water enters the cell
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hypertonic solution
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a solution that has a higher concentration of solute outside than inside a cell, causing water to leave the cell by osmosis (shrink or crenate)
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B) hypertonic
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Cells crenate when they are placed in solutions that are A) catatonic B) hypertonic C) hypotonic D) isotonic
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protein synthesis
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the process that describes how enzymes & other proteins are made from DNA
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transcription & translation
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the 2 steps of protein synthesis
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transcription
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occurs in nucleus, DNA code is transcribed into mRNA by nucleotide base pairing
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translation
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occurs in cytoplasm; mRNA leaves nucleus & travels to ribosomes; ribosomes & tRNA translate mRNA into protein's amino acid sequence
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messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
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What are the 3 kinds of RNA molecules produced during transcription?
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messenger RNA (mRNA)
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A type of RNA, synthesized using a DNA template, that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein.
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ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
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the most abundant type of RNA, which together with proteins forms the structure of ribosomes. Ribosomes coordinate the sequential coupling of tRNA molecules to mRNA codons
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transfer RNA (tRNA)
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plays a role in protein synthesis by having an anticodon that recognizes one of the three base-pair codons in mRNA and brings the amino acid that matches that codon to the ribosome during translation
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the differences between DNA & RNA
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1st- DNA is in the nucleus & RNA is in the cytoplasm. 2nd -DNA is double-stranded helix (A-T; G-C pairing) & RNA is single stranded (A-U, G-C pairing) 3rd-DNA has the sugar deoxyribose & RNA has the sugar ribose 4th- DNA nucleotides contain adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C) & thymine (T) & RNA nucleotides contain adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C) & uracil (U)
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C) thymine
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Which DNA nucleotide pairs with adenine? A) cytosine B) guanine C) thymine D) uracil
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B) messenger RNA
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Which RNA is transcribed from DNA? A) amino acid B) messenger RNA C) ribosomal RNA D) transfer RNA
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B) protein
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What is synthesized during translation? A) amino acid B) protein C) starch D) triglyceride
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meiosis & mitosis
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the 2 types of cell division
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meiosis
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The process that occurs in sex cells (sperm and egg) by which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half to prepare for the union of egg & sperm in fertilazation
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mitosis
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in eukaryotic cells, a process of cell division that forms two new nuclei, each of which has the same number of chromosomes (human body cells have 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs of chromosomes)
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preparation for mitosis
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before mitosis can occur, the genetic information (DNA) in the parent cell must be replicated (doubled), so that both of new daughter cells will receive a complete set of chromosomes
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the 5 stages of mitosis
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interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase & telophase
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interphase
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when the cell is not dividing
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prophase
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first phase of mitosis when chromatin condenses, the nuclear envelope breaks down, the nucleolus disappears, and the centrosomes and centrioles migrate to opposite sides of poles & form spindle
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metaphase
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second phase of mitosis during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell & attach to spindle
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anaphase
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the centromere splits & the duplicated chromosomes separate & begin to move toward opposite ends of the cell
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telophase
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the final phase a membrane appears around each group of separated chromosomes, forming 2 new nuclei
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C) prophase
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During which phase of mitosis are chromosomes first visible? A) anaphase B) metaphase C) prophase D) telophase
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cancer risk factors
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heredity, chemicals, radiation, physical irritation, diet & viruses are risk factors for what?
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B) a family history of cancer
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Which of the following is a cancer risk factor? A) a diet rich in fruits & vegetables B) a family history of cancer C) regular exercise D) regular use of sunscreen
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carcinogen
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any chemical that causes cancer; the most common in our society are those present in cigarette smoke
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B) membrane potential
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What is the voltage difference on either side of the plasma membrane called? A) interphase B) membrane potential C) selective permeability D) transcription
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C) mitochondria
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Where does ATP synthesis occur? A) endoplasmic reticulum B) golgi apparatus C) mitochondria D) nucleus
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A) diffusion
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What is movement of solute from a region of high concentration to one of lower concentration called? A) diffusion B) endocytosis C) exocytosis D) osmosis
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B) ACUUG
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A DNA sequence reads: TGAAC. What is its mRNA sequence? A) ACTTG B) ACUUG C) CAGGT D) CAGGU
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D) mitosis
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Which process produces new somatic cells? A) crenation B) hemolysis C) meiosis D) mitosis
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epithelial, connective tissue, muscle tissue, & nervous tissue
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4 main tissue groups
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histology
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the study of tissues
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epithelial tissue
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covers surfaces, lines cavities, & forms glands; tightly packed to better protect underlying tissue or form barriers between systems
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connective tissue
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supports & forms the framework of all parts of the body
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muscle tissue
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contracts & produces movement
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nervous tissue
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conducts nerve impulses
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squamous, cuboidal, & columnar
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the 3 characteristics of epithelial tissue
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squamous cells
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flat irregular cells with flat nuclei (blood vessels)
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cuboidal cells
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square (cube shaped) cells with round nuclei (pancreatic duct)
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columnar cells
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long narrow (column shaped) cells with ovoid basal nuclei (uterine tube)
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simple, stratified, & pseudostratified
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the 3 classifications of epithelial tissue by layers
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simple epithelial
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cells arranged in a single layer; this type of epithelium functions as a thin barrier through which materials can pass easily (absorption of materials from lining of digestive tract into blood & allows for passage of oxygen from blood to body tissues)
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stratified epithelial
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epithelial cells in multiple layers; areas subject to wear & tear that require protection
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simple squamous epithelium
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a single layer of flat, irregular cells
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stratified squamous epithelium
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tissue with many layers of flat irregular cells
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pseudostratified
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if the cells are staggered so that they appear to be in multiple layers but really not
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the 4 main functions of epithelium tissue
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1) produces mucous, digestive juices, & sweat 2) lines respiratory tract, have tiny hairlike projections called cilia 3) digestive tract has goblet cells that secret mucus which protects the lining of the digestive organs 4) repairs itself quickly after injury
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mucus & cilia
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these help trap dust & other foreign particles before they reach the lungs
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goblet cells
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mucus secreting cells scattered among the pseudostratified epithelial cells
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glands
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an organ specialized to produce a substance that is sent out to other parts of the body; manufactures these secretions from materials removed from the blood
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exocrine & endocrine glands
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the 2 categories of glands
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exocrine glands
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these glands have ducts or tubes to carry secretions away from the gland; ducts may carry the secretions to another organ, cavity or to the body surface; these substances act in the limited area near the source
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endocrine glands
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"ductless glands" secrete directly into surrounding tissue fluid, most secretions are absorbed into bloodstream which carries them thruout the body; extensive network of blood vessels; secretions are known as hormones (affect on specific tissues known as target tissues)
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the differences between exocrine & endocrine glands
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1) exocrine have ducts & endocrine are ductless 2) exocrine glands act in a limited area near their source & produce secreations & endocrine glands secrete hormones, absorbed into the blood stream that carries them throughout body, have effects on specific tissues (target tissues)
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D) stratified squamous epithelium
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You are studying a slide in anatomy lab. You see several layers of tile-shaped cells. What tissue is most likely on the slide? A) simple columnar epithelium B) stratified columnar epithelium C) simple squamous epithelium D) stratified squamous epithelium
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B) pancreas secretes insulin, which regulates blood sugar
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Which is an example of an endocrine gland? A) glands secrete hydrochloric acid into the stomach B) pancreas secretes insulin, which regulates blood sugar C) respiratory epithelium secretes mucus on its surface D) salivary glands secrete enzymes into the mouth
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connective tissue
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the supporting fabric everywhere in the body, contains large amounts of matrix between cells
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collagen
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a flexible white protein, main fiber in connective tissue
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matrix
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the intercellular background material, contains varying amounts of water, fibers & hard minerals
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Histologist
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specialist in the study of tissues
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chondrocyte
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the cells that produce cartilage
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cartilage
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because of its strength & flexibilty- it is a structural material that provides reinforcement
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circulating, generalized & structural connective tissues
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3 physical properties of connective tissues
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circulating connective tissue
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connective tissue with fluid consistency that travels in vessels; its cells are suspended in a liquid matrix; carries nutrients, gases, wastes & other materials throughout body
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blood & lymph
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2 types of circulating connective tissue
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generalized connective tissue
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connective tissue that is widely distributed, it supports & protects structures
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loose & dense connective tissue
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2 types of generalized connective tissue
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loose connective tissue
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tissue with soft matrix (adipose)
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areolar & adipose
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2 types of loose connective tissue
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areolar tissue
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Gel like matrix with three types of fiber and some white blood cells. Location - wide spread, lies under epithelial tissue, between muscles & around organs & vessels. It is the most common type of connective tissue
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adipose tissue
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tissue composed of cells modified to store fat; insulates the body & is stored in tissues as energy supply
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dense connective tissue
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tissue with firm matrix, large numbers of collagen & elastic fibers
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hyaline, fibrocartilage & elastic cartilage
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3 forms of cartilage
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hyaline cartilage
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"gristle"; tough translucent cartilage (tip of nose)
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fibrocartilage
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firm rigid cartilage (between vertebra)
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bone
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tissue with solid matrix hardened with mineral salts, makes up bones of skeleton, gives structure, support & protection to body; works with muscles to produce movement
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elastic cartilage
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cartilage made with mostly elastic fibers; can stretch & return to original size (outer portion of ear)
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osseous tissue
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the tissue that composes bones
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osteoblasts
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the cells that form bone
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osteoclasts
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matured bone cells
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A) bone
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Chondrocytes are to cartilage as osteocytes are to A) bone B) fat C) muscle D) tendon
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B) dense connective tissue
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You are studying a slide of body tissues in anatomy lab. You see a few, similar cells that do not contact each other & many thick collagen fibers oriented in the same direction. What tissue is most likely on the slide? A) areolar tissue B) dense connective tissue C) stratified epithelial tissue D) transitional epithelial tissue
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muscle tissue
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tissue designed to produce movement by contraction of cells called muscle fibers
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skeletal, cardiac & smooth muscles
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3 types of muscle fibers
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skeletal muscle
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is a voluntary muscle that works with bones & tendons to move the body; cells are heavily striated (pattern of dark & light bands) & has multiple nuclei
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cardiac muscle
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is a involuntary (contracts independently) muscle that forms the bulk of heart wall known as myocardium, contains intercalated disks; produces regular heart contractions known as heart beats
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smooth muscle
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is a involuntary muscle, no striations, formed in the walls of hollow organs in ventral cavities such as stomach, intestine, gallbladder, urinary bladder, together these organs are known as viscera; found in the walls of blood vessels (bronchioles). Attached to the base of each body hair, contractions of these muscles causes "goose bumps"
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B) cardiac muscle tissue
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Which tissue is striated & under involuntary control? A) areolar connective tissue B) cardiac muscle tissue C) skeletal muscle tissue D) smooth muscle tissue
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nervous tissue
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this tissue makes up body's communication system
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3 components of nervous system
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brain (central agent), nerves (wires) & spinal cord (great trunk cable which in turn leads to the central switch board of brain)
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neuron
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the basic unit of nervous tissue, transmits nerve impulses. It consists of a nerve cell body plus small branches from the cell called fibers.These fibers carry nerve impulses to & from the cell body
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nerve
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is a bundle of nerve cell fibers held together with connective tissue
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dendrite & axon
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2 types of nervous tissue fibers
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dendrite
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short fibers that form tree like branches which carry messages in the form of nerve impulses to the nerve cell body
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axon
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single fiber, carries impulse away from nerve cell body; some are insulated & protected by material called myelin
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myelin
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this is a fatty material that insulates & protects nerve fibers, it makes up the white matter of the brain & spinal cord
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neuroglia
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specialized cells that support & protect nervous tissue, some protect brain from harmful substances, some get rid of foreign organisms & cellular debris, some form myelin sheath around axons= do not transmit nerve impulses
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A) axon
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Which fiber conducts a nerve impulse away from a neuron cell body? A) axon B) dendrite C) fibril D) oligocyte
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membranes
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thin sheets of tissue; functions=covers surfaces, serve as dividers, line hollow organs or body cavities, anchor organs & secrete lubricants to ease the movement of organs
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epithelial & connective tissue membranes
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two main categories of membranes
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serous, mucous & cutaneous membranes
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3 types of epithelial membranes
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serous membranes
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line the walls of body cavities & cover internal organs, do not connect to outside of body & secrete serous fluid that acts as a lubricant
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mucous membranes
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line tubes & other spaces that open to the outside of body
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cutaneous membrane
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commonly known as skin
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pleurae, serous pericardium & peritoneum
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3 types of serous membranes
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pleurae or pleuras
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line the thoracic cavity & cover each lung; parietal layer lines thoracic cavity, visceral layer covers lungs (you can get fluid between these layers)
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serous pericardium
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forms part of sac that encloses the heart, which is located in the chest between the lungs; parietal layer lines the pericardial sac (outside layer), visceral layer covers heart (closer to organ)
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peritoneum
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is the largest serous membrane. It lines the walls of abdominal cavity, covers the abdominal organs & forms supporting & protective structures within the abdomen; parietal layer lines abdominal cavity, visceral layer covers abdominal organs
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parietal layer
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the portion of the serous membrane attached to the wall of a cavity or sac
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parietal pleura
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lines the thoracic (chest) cavity
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parietal pericardium
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lines the fibrous sac (the fibrous pericardium) that encloses the heart
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viscera
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what internal organs are called
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visceral layer
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the portion of the serous membrane attached to an organ
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visceral pericardium
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on the surface of the heart
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visceral pleura
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covers lung surface
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meninges
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these are several membranous layers covering the brain & the spinal cord (3 types- dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater)
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fibrous pericardium
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forms the cavity that encloses the heart, the pericardial cavity
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periosteum
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s the membrane around (surrounds) a bone
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perichondrium
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is the membrane around (surrounds) cartilage
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peritonitis
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an infection of the peritoneum which can follow rupture of the appendix
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systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritus & scleroderma
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3 types of connective tissue or collagen diseases
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D) pleura
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Which membrane contains epithelial tissue? A) bursa B) fascia C) meninges D) pleura
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tumor or neoplasm
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any abnormal growth of cells
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benign tumor
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if the tumor in confined to a local area & does not spread
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malignant tumor
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if the tumor spreads to neighboring tissues or distant parts of the body
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cancer
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the general term for any type of malignant tumor
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oncology
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is the medical specialty that studies & treats cancer
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metastasis
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malignant cells spread to distant body regions, when they arrive at other sites, they form new (secondary) growthsor metastases
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carcinoma & sarcoma
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2 main categories malignant tumors are classified
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carcinoma
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originates in the epithelium & is most common form of cancer, usual sites: skin, mouth, lung, breast, stomach, colon, prostate & uterus, spreads by lymphathic system
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sarcoma
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a form of connective tissue cancer, may be found anywhere in the body; usually spreads by blood & often metastases in the lungs
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signs of cancer
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what are these signs for: unusual bleeding or discharge, persistent indigestion, chronic hoarseness or cough, changes in color of moles, sore that does not heal, unusual lump, white patches in mouth or whit spots on tongue, weight loss & pain
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C) neoplasm
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What is another term for tumor? A) arthritis B) bursa C) neoplasm D) peritonitis
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A) biopsy
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What is the removal of living tissue for microscopic examination called? A) biopsy B) computed tomography C) magnetic resonance imaging D) position emission tomography
