study guide for chapter 12 test – Flashcards
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Who invented the movable-type printing press? In what year?
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Johann Gutenberg; 1440
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Explain how the timing of Gutenberg's invention was of great significance to the modern age? What was Gutenberg's reason for inventing the printing press?
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1.It came about right at the perfect time, the people needed the printing press to distribute the truth of Gods word to every person and to spread the protestant reformation. it came about right in the season when grand events were about to be unfolded, before the modern age people couldnt read and their was nothing of value to print, the only use for the press would be small clerical documents but once the people would begin to think there would be a need for books and that's where the printing press would come in. 2.He invented the press so that all people could be given gods word. and know the truth!
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Contrast how the Renaissance Italians and Bible-centered northern scholars accepted the invention of the printing press.
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the renaissance Italians greeted the printing press with indignation they resented the idea and preferred the handwritten manuscripts while the Bible-centered norther scholars welcomed the printing press. They wanted everyone to benefit from it! they knew they could use it to give everyone Gods word.
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Gutenberg Bible
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the first printed edition of the bible
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Describe how the Italian Renaissance began. How did humanism enter into the Renaissance?
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a great enthusiasm for classical Greek and Latin literature sprang up in Italy- it entered thru the humanities and grew from reading the old latin too acting it out.
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Name the only book of lasting importance published by the Italian Renaissance? who wrote it?
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The Prince; Niccolo Machiavelli
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Describe the quality of art before the Ren. How did the impact of Renaissance art differ from that of Renaissance literature?
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the art was flat lacking perspective or depth, the people didnot look natural and things were distorted. The arts made a lasting impact and accomplished far more than the artists of the past, literature did not.
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How did Giotto help change the art of painting? Name two other Florentine artists who followed him and helped develop 3 D perspective in painting?
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He tried to make the things he painted look real. Masaccio and Boticelli
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Name 3 Florentine sculptors who attempted to make their works look realistic?
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Ghiberti, Donatello, and Verrocchio
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How did Leonardo Da Vinci personify the ideal of the Renaissance man?List some of his accomplishments?
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He had many talents- including painting, sculpting, music, and engineering. his drawings, the mona lisa, and the last supper
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who may have been the greatest artist of the Ren, perhaps of all time?What were some of his achievements?
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Michelangelo ; Sistine chapel, David and Moses, (he is known as the greatest Italian Lyric Poet of all time)
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humanities
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subjects such as history grammar rhetoric and poetry.
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Petrarch
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"the father of humanism"
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Boccaccio
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the first great writer of prose in modern language
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Patrons
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people who use their own money to support the arts
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Raphael
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artist known for his brilliant use of color
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Name the first medieval university and its purpose, What were the first 2 universities in England?Name two other medieval universities?
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Salerno university- as a center for the study of medicine.Oxford and Cambridge. University of Paris and University of Prague
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How was medieval curriculum divided?
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into 2 parts: trivium (grammar and logic) and quadrivium (math music and science)
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Define Scholasticism?
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an attempt to synthesize Greek philosophy with Romanism
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How were Thomas Aquinas and William of Ockham's philosophies different?
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Thomas Aquinas philosophy made man supreme over all things, and a rational animal- it denied mans sinful nature and dependence on God. William Ockham's philosophy used scripture to argue that man is depraved and in absolute need of divine grace. he argued against the pope being supreme and roman doctrine.
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Who began the first translation of the Bible into English? what kind of impact did his work have on England? What is his title?
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John Wycliffe; It had a lasting impact on the people- they could have the Biblical truth (for a period of time), and learned of true grace, Wycliffe did more to change English history than did any of the soldiers or kings of his day;Morning Star of the Reformation"
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Who initiated a revival in Bohemia? How did he die?What were his followers called?
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John Huss; he was burned at the stake; Hussites
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What group was organized by Gerhard Groote? Name 2 famous pupils of this group?
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Brethren of the Common Life; Thomas A Kempis- Wessel Gansfort
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Who were the 2 major poets of the Middle Ages? Name their most important works?
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Dante- Divine Comedy Geoffrey Chaucer- The Canterbury Tales
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University?
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organizations of students and teachers of specialized subjects
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Thomism?
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Thomas Aquinas philosophy that denied mans sinful nature and need for God
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Roger Bacon?
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an English Franciscan friar who emphasized observation and experimentation as source of true knowledge about nature- medieval reformer of modern science
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Lollards?
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the name for followers of John Wycliffe by their opponents
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Savonarola?
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a Roman priest who exposed hypocrisy in the Roman church
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Describe the situation in Europe after the fall of Charlemagne's empire?
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they were social and economic stagnation, feudalism broke them up, towns dwindled and trade was limited due to violence.
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Who were the Burghers? What new class did they represent?
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traveling merchants- those people that made and lived in burgs; middle class
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Describe the revival of towns and commerce during the latter half of the middle ages? How did the Crusades aid economic progress?
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the burghers aided majorly to the revival by making burgs that grew into prosperous towns and by making a middle class, they began selling things which increased commerce too. it revived interest in trade with the Orient.
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What region was known for its wool manufacturing? What other industry became important to Europe's growing economy?
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Flanders; Silk manufacturers
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How did towns further the development of economic, political, and religious freedom?
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more people began to move out from under the Lords and profit for themselves-economic freedom, the merchants had some self government which was political freedom, and the protestant reformation brought on some new religious freedom.
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Describe Gothic architecture? What cathedral is perhaps the best example of Gothic Architecture?
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tall walls with many pointed windows, steeples and points, and stained glass window art. Notre Dame
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burgs
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new towns that sprang up beside fortresses made by the traveling merchants
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trade fair
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international events where merchants came from all over to trade goods with each other
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guild
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early form of trade unionism; voluntary associations of merchants, artisans, and craftsman
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Hanseatic Leage
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a confederation of northern German towns- wanted to monopolize Europe
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Medici
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a leading banking family in Florence Italy. influenced politics and economics from 1300's to 1700's
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Black death
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a form of bubonic plague that wiped out Europe
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Romanesque
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architectural style- using thick massive walls and small windows with rounded arches
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Who proclaimed the beginning of the crusades?What was the original purpose of the crusades?
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Urban II. To recapture the Holy Land from the muslims and hold it for Christendom.
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What was the Peasants' Crusade? How did it end?
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a small crusade of 15,000-20,000 farmers and peasants rallying against the Turks with high emotions. They were completely wiped out and their bones left to bleach in the sun.
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Give the date for the official first Crusade. What did it achieve?
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1096-1099; They recaptured Asia minor and Jerusalem. and got a foot hold in the middle east.
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What kings led the Second Crusade? What did it accomplish?
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Louis VII and Conrad III; nothing
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Which crusade was called the "Crusade of Kings?" Name the kings that led it. What was the outcome?
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the 3rd crusade; Richard I, Fredrick Barbarossa, Philip Augustus; Richard was the last remaining king that fought-, co he secured Saladin's agreement to European control of the Holy Land coastal cities and pilgrimage rights to Jerusalem
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What title was Richard I given? Why?
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Lion-Hearted; for his heroic exploits in Palestine alone.
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What was the Children's Crusade? Why was it a disaster?
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a failed attempt by 30,000 children to march to the Holy Land. Many kids expected god to divide the sea to Palestine which didn't happen and many were tricked and sold into slavery .
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How did Islam and Medieval Christendom Check and balance each other?
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if Islam had won all their Holy wars and Christianity might have disappeared altogether and if Christendom had won all its holy wars Distorted Christianity might have been imposed on all of mankind.
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Pilgrimages?
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a visit to the Holy Land especially to Christian cites Around Jerusalem
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Bernard of Clairvaux?
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monk the preached the need for Europeans to launch a second crusade.
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Saladin?
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muslim leader during the crusades; renowned sultan of Egypt
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Fourth Crusade?
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never reached the Holy Land, plundered Constantinople
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What was the basis of the feudal system?
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the ownership and use of land
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Describe the relationship between the lord and the vassal?
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the lord permitted a vassal to use his land in return for certain promised services, these promised services were taken VERY seriously! if a vassal broke his promise he would have to give up the land.
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Describe a typical medieval castle? How was it defended?
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designed for defense, they had no large windows, rooms were dark damp and gloomy with few decorations on the walls. the only warmth on a winter's night came from large fire places. 2. by a moat and knights and large walls, and watchman and heavy bricks that made up the castle.
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List and describe some popular pastimes of medieval nobles?
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-joust: 2 knights fought to knock each other off their horses -tournaments knights fought a mock battle that lasted an entire day and spread across the country side -falconry: hunting -backgammon and chess jesters and minstrels
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who were the serfs?Compare their way of life to that of the nobility?
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farmers of the manors; they worked the land and had no time or energy for games- they were poor and did not live in castles
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Name 2 ways in which the church attempted to stop the violence of feudal times?
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the truce of God and the peace of God
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Feudalism?
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a way of life based upon the ownership and use of land
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King?
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top of the feudal system, owned all the land in his kingdom
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Crown land?
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land for the kings personal use
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Knight?
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heavily armed warriors wearing full body armor and mounted o n horses
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Chivalry?
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the code of conduct for the nobility and the knights
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Heraldry?
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certain colorful and unique symbols, emblems, and designs displayed on armor, shields, and banners.
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Manor?
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estates that belonged to the nobles
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Deseme?
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2 to 3 days a week the serfs had to work in the lords fields
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POSITIVE EFFECTS OF THE CRUSADES!!!(compass came from chine:)maps luxury goods banking architecture broadened there horizon- led to exploration ) - back death did have + effects, people could move up more food and jobs higher wages, people came together, money economy sprang up- middle class emerges
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look up these things
