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Gertrude Stein (1874 - 1946)

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American writer of experimental novels, poetry, essays, operas, and plays. In Paris during the 1920s she was a central member of a group of American expatriates that included Ernest Hemingway. Her works include Three Lives (1908), Tender Buttons (1914), and The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas (1933).

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Gertrude Stein schooling

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Radcliffe College (1893 - 1897) and Johns Hopkins University (1891-1902)

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William James

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(1842-1910) American philosopher and psychologist who founded psychology in the United states and established the psychological school called functionalism. Professor of Psychology and Harvard University.

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Leo and Michael Stein

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Gertrude Stein Brothers

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Alice B. Toklas

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hosted a salon with that attracted expatriate American writers, such as Ernest Hemingway, Paul Bowles, Thornton Wilder, and Sherwood Anderson, and avant-garde painters, including Picasso, Matisse, and Braque. Acting as Stein's confidante, lover, cook, secretary, muse, editor, critic, and general organizer, she remained a background figure, chiefly living in the shadow of Stein, until Stein published her memoirs in 1933 under the teasing title The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas.

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27 rue de Fleurus

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Where was the famous salon that Stein hosted gatherings? The Stein Salon

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Three Lives

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Gertrude Stein's 1st published book about 3 working-class women. Includes "The Good Anna," "Melanchtha," and "The Gentle Lena."

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Gustave Flaubert

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French novelist known for his sharp observations of society and careful writing. Author of Madame Bovary, a book examining the emptiness of bourgeois marriage. (1821- 1880) "Un Coeur Simple" - 1877

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Madame Cezanne In a Red Armchair 1877

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Paul Cezanne (1839-1906) Post-Impressionism

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Woman With A Hat

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Henri Matisse (1869-1954), 1905 Fauvism/German Expressionism Michael Stein purchase

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Portrait of Gertrude Stein

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Picasso (1881-1973) 1905 Cubism

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The Making of Americans (publication process)

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Hemingway persuaded Ford Maddox Ford to serialize this Gertrude Stein Novel in transatlantic review. Written from 1906-1908, Published in 1925

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The Making of Americans (story synopsis)

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1)And these four women and the husbands they had with them and the children born and unborn in them will make up the history for us of a family and its progress. 2) We need only realize our parents, remember our grandparents and know ourselves and our history is complete

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The Making of Americans (Dalkey Archive)

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1995

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Wordle

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A word cloud generator that uses text that you provide. The clouds give greater prominence to words that appear more frequently in the source.

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ProseVis

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From of translating written words into colors

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Fruchterman-Reingold layout (FRLayout)

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a line form of laying out a novel

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Camera Work

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was a quarterly photographic journal published by Alfred Stieglitz (1894-1946) from 1903 to 1917; It is known for its many high-quality photographs by some of the most important photographers in the world and its editorial purpose to establish photography as a fine art.

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Tender Buttons

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Try to make an alternative sense. audience members have to be creative, cubism techniques: familiar objects made strange Donald Evans was founder of Claire Marie Press which published TB in 1914. Elemental Abstraction

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Carl Van Vechten

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American writer that was an avid supporter of the Harlem Renaissance. He was very interested in black writers and artists in which he promoted many of the major figures of the Harlem Renaissance. He was a "Negrotarian" who wrote the controversial novel ****** Heaven. (1880-1964)

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Pablo Picasso

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A Spaniard in Paris who formed a movement in 1907 called Cubism. Cubism concentrated on a complex geometry of zigzagging lines and sharply angled, overlapping plane., One of the artistic giants of the twentieth century. Helped found the Cubist and Abstract movements. During his life, 1881-1973, he worked in various media and is noted for scores of important works. His painting Guernica is one of the most powerful anti-war expressions of the modern era.

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Fernande Oliver

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1881-1966) was a French artist and model known primarily for having been the model of painter Pablo Picasso, and for her written accounts of her relationship with him. Picasso painted over 60 portraits of Olivier

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Henri Matisse

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1869-1954; An extreme abstract expressionist, leader of "the beasts," focused on arrangement of color, line and form.

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Ambroise Vollard

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French impressionist dealer, 1866-1939, promoted Cezanne, Picasso, Matisse and Braque. The Gate Keeper of the art world.

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Marie Laurencin

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a cubist who was Guillaume Apollinaire's lover; "Group of Artists or Apollinaire and His Friends" used flattened faces

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Henri Rousseau

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A French Post-impressionist painter who was also called "Le Douanier" Rousseau due to his job as a Paris customs officer. Because he was self taught and came from the working class he is known as a 'naive painter.' He painted in an unusual way; one color at a time and from top to bottom of the canvas. His works were exhibited at the Salon des Independants and was honored to be respected by many other painters such as Picasso.

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Nude Descending a Staricase

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Marchel Duchamp 1912 The Armory Show, New York, 1913 Was very shocking when people first saw it.

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Alfred North Whitehead

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a philosopher and mathematician, attempted to reconcile some conflicting tenets of idealism and realism. He proposed "process" to be the central aspect of realism. Unlike Locke, Whitehead did not see objective reality and subjective mind as separate. He saw them as an organic unity that operates by its own principles. (1861-1947)

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Sylvia Beach

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The proprietor of Shakespeare and Company, the English language bookstore in Paris that nurtured the expatriate writers of The Lost Generation.

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Adrienne Monnier

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French poet, bookseller and publisher and a figure in the modernist writing scene in Paris in the 1920s and 1930s. In 1915 when she opened her bookshop called "La Maison des Amis des Livres" at 7 rue de l'Odéon

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Man Ray

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American modernist artist who spent most of his career in Paris, France. He was a significant contributor to the Dada and Surrealist movements. He produced major works in a variety of media (painter, avant-garde photos, fashion and portrait photographer). Ray is also noted for his work with photograms, which he called "rayographs" in reference to himself.

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Bernard Faÿ

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He helped protect Stein and Toklas in the South of Fracen during WWII 1933 : Co-translation and preface for the French edition of Gertrude Stein's The Making of Americans: Being a History of a Family's Progress 1934 : Translation for the French edition of Gertrude Stein's The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas

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Atlantic Monthly

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Where The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas first appeared in

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Harcourt Brace and Co.

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Published The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas after an abridged version appeared in the Atlantic Monthly. Written in 1932, Published in 1933.

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When were Stein and Toklas in America?

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October 1934 - May 1935

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Time Magazine cover

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Gertrude Stein September 11, 1933

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Virgil Thomson

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American composer who collaborated with Gertrude Stein on The Mother of Us All and Four Saints in Three Acts (1896-1989)

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Eva Jessye

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She collaborated in productions of groundbreaking works, directing her choir and working with Virgil Thomson and Gertrude Stein on Four Saints in Three Acts (1933) In 1933, she directed her choir in Virgil Thomson's and Gertrude Stein's opera, Four Saints in Three Acts, produced as a Broadway theater work. (1885-1992)

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Wadsworth Atheneum, Hartford (Feb. 7, 1934)

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Where and when "Four Saints in Three Acts" was first performed as an opera. Premiered on Broadway on Feb. 20, 1934

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Teresa of Ávila

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(1515-1582) Spanish Carmelite nun and one of the principal saints of the Roman Catholic Church; she reformed the Carmelite order. Her fervor for the Catholic Church proved inspiring for many people during the Reformation period.

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Ignatius of Loyola

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(1491-1556) Spanish churchman and founder of the Jesuits (1534); this order of Roman Catholic priests proved an effective force for reviving Catholicism during the Catholic Reformation.

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Bennett Cerf

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(1898-1971) American publisher, one of the founders of American publishing firm Random House. Published Stein

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Ernest Hemingway

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Ernest Hemingway fought in Italy in 1917. He later became a famous author who wrote "The Sun Also Rises" (about American expatriates in Europe) and "A Farewell to Arms." In the 1920's he became upset with the idealism of America versus the realism he saw in World War I. He was very distraught, and in 1961 he shot himself in the head.

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Oak Park, Illinois

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Where Hemingway was born

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Upper Michigan

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Where Hemingway would often vacation when he was young. Where he found his love of fishing, hunting, camping, outdoor ideas.

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Hemingway in WWII

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Signed in Kansas City with the Red Cross Recruitment in 1918 and was an ambulance driver in Italy.

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Ernest Hemingway's first wife

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Hadley Richardson. Hemingway proposed to this woman in spring of 1921

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Sherwood Anderson

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American writer (1876-1941). He was influenced Stein and helped him gain publication. Hemingway met this writer in Chicago who urged him to settle in Paris

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Ford Madox Ford

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English novelist, poet, critic and editor whose journals, The English Review and The Transatlantic Review, were instrumental in the development of early 20th-century English literature. (1873-1939) Hemingway convinced him to publish "The Making of Americans" in The Transatlantic Review"

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Contact Publishing

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Published "Three Stories and Ten Poems" by Hemingway in 1923, 300 copies, Robert McAlmon

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Three Mountains Press

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Published "In Our Time" 170 copies, 1924; Bill Bird was American journalist, now remembered for his Three Mountains Press, a small press he ran while in Paris in the 1920s for the Consolidated Press Association

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Boni and Liveright, Horace Liveright

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American trade book publisher established in 1917 in New York City by Albert Boni and Horace Liveright. "In Our Time" 1335 copies, 1925

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Cezanne, Riverbanks

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...

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Harold Leob

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Model for Robert Cohn for "The Sun Also Rises"

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Lady Duff Twysden

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Model for Lady Brett Ashley in "The Sun Also Sun". She was Leob's mistress.

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Donald Ogden Stewart

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Model of Bill Gorton in "The Sun Also Rises"

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Pat Guthrie

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Model for Mike Cambell in "the Sun Also Rises"

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A Roman à Clef

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French for novel with a key, is a novel about real life, overlaid with a façade of fiction. The fictitious names in the novel represent real people, and the "key" is the relationship between the nonfiction and the fiction. This "key" may be produced separately by the author, or implied through the use of epigraphs or other literary techniques.

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Cayetano Ordóñez

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model for "Pedro Romero", the talented young bullfighter in The Sun Also Rises. Hemingway later stated that "everything that happened in the ring was true, and everything outside was fiction. Nino knew this and never complained about it."

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Pauline Pfeiffer

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Hemingway had an affair with this friend to Hadley Hemingway. Hemingway married this woman in May 1927

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F. Scott Fitzgerald

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He belonged to the Lost Generation of Writers. He wrote the famous novel "The Great Gatsby" which explored the glamour and cruelty of an achievement-oriented society. (1896-1940) became friends with many members of the American expatriate community in Paris, notably Ernest Hemingway. Fitzgerald's friendship with Hemingway was quite vigorous, as many of Fitzgerald's relationships would prove to be.

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Maxwell Perkins

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was the editor for Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald and Thomas Wolfe. "Editor of Genius" Charles Scribner's Sons (1884-1947)

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The Torrents of Spring

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Hemingway wrote this satire attacking Sherwood Anderson to break his contract with Boni and Liveright

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The Sun Also Rises

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E. Hemingway. A powerful expose of the life and values of the Lost Generation. Jake Barnes is in love with Brett Ashley (a girl), but Barnes suffered an injury during World War I... Robert Cohn (Jewish outsider), Michael Campbell (Brett's fiance), Bill Gorton, Pedro Romero (star bullfighter of the fiesta.) Published October 22, 1926, 5090 copies Cover by Cleonike Damianakes

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