Springboard Mathematics Course 2 Terms – Flashcards
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absolute value
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the distance of a number from zero on a number line; distance or this is always positive; for example the answer for 6 and -6 are both 6
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adjacent angles
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angles that have a common side, but no common interior
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algebraic expression
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a mathematical phrase that contains one or more numbers, one or more variables, and one or more arithmetic operations; for example, 4a+7
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algebraic statement
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an equation or inequality that contains variables, such as (a + b) + c = a + (b + c)
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angle
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the union of two rays with a common endpoint
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ascend
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to move upward
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assets
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items that one owns
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bar chart/graph
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a way of displaying categorical data (for example, colors, types, qualities); each bar represents a different category; the vertical scale for the bar heights is labeled with the count or percent for each category
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budget
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an estimate of expected income and expenses, with each type of income and expense identified by amount
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census
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a study that gains information about every number of a population
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center
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in a circle, a given point from which the set of points in the same plane are an equal distance
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circle
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the set of points in a plane that are an equal distance from a given point, called the center
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circumference
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the distance around a circle
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coefficient
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a number by which a variable is multiplied; for example in the term 6x, this is 6
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common denominator
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a number into which all the denominators of a set of fractions may be divided without a remainder
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complement of an event
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includes all possible outcomes of a probability experiment that are not outcomes of the event
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complementary angles
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two angles whose measures have a sum of ninety degrees
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complex solid
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in three-dimensional geometry, the result of putting two or more solids together
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composite figure
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a figure made up of two or more figures
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compound interest
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interest calculated on the total principle plus the interest earned or owed during the previous time period
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congruent
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when two or more figures are the same shape and size, they are this
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conjecture
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an unproved statement that seems to be true
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constant
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a term in an expression that does not change in value because it does not contain a variable; for example, this in the expression 3n + 6 is 6
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constant of proportionality
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the ratio of output values to input values in a relationship which is directly proportional
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constant rate of change
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if the rate of change remains the same in a problem situation, it is defined as this
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conversion factor
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a ratio relating a number of units to a unit measure; for example, the ratio 12 to 1 is this relating inches to feet, and 1 to 12 is this relating feet to inches
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corresponding parts
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the sides and angles of similar figures that are in the same relative positions in the figures
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coupon
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a document offering a reduction in price on a specific item, such as a box of cereal
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critique
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to analyze and discuss the details of something
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cross section
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the intersection of a solid figure and a plane
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decompose the figure
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in geometry, when you divide a composite figure into smaller figures, this phrase is sometimes used
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descend
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to move downward
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diameter
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any line segment through the center of a circle with endpoints on the circle
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discount
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a reduction in price
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equally likely outcome
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an outcome of a probability experiment in which every different outcome has the same chance of occurring
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equation
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a statement showing that two numbers or expressions are equal, such as 4 + 3 = 7 or x + 5 = 9
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equivalent expression
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two or more expressions that may look different, but represent the same quantity or have equal values when evaluated; for example, the expression 2x + 4x and the expression 6x are this
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estimated probability
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is calculated by observing the outcome of a probability experiment many times; sometimes called empirical probabilities
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event
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any outcome or group of outcomes from a probability experiment
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factor (noun)
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any of the numbers or symbols that when multiplied together form a product
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factor (verb)
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the process of finding the factors that form a product
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fixed expense
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an expense that does not change over a period of time
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included angle
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an angle formed by two sides of a triangle
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income tax
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a percent of earnings paid to federal, state, or local governments as a tax
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interest
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the percentage of a loan amount charged by the lender; rates are stated as a percentage
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lateral area
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the sum of the areas of the lateral faces of a solid
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lateral face
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a face of a solid that is not one of the bases
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liabilities
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amounts owed; debts
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markup
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an amount added to the original cost of an item to find the selling price
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media
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the various ways by which news and information are communicated to the public; for example, through television, radio, and newspapers
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monetary incentive
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a special offer that reduces the total cost of one or more items, such as "buy one, get one free"
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net
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a two-dimensional drawing used to represent or form a three-dimensional object or solid
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net worth
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the difference between what is owned and what is owed
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numerical expression
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an expression that contains numbers and operations; for example, 12 + 0 and (10 x 5) x 3 are expressions that contain numbers and operations
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numerical statement
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an equation that sets two expressions equal; for example 20 x 4 = 4 x 20
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order of operations
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a set of rules for evaluating expressions with more than one operation; the order is: do calculations inside parentheses, evaluate expressions with exponents, multiply or divide from left to right, add or subtract from left to right
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orientation
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the way in which a figure is positioned
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palindrome
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a word, phrase, or sequence that reads the same backward or forward; for example, the words tot and racecar are these
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percent
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a ratio that compares a number to 100 and uses the % symbol
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percent equation
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an equation showing the relationship between the whole and a part; this equation is written as: whole x percent = part
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percent error
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the amount of error between the assumed value and the actual value
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percent increase/decrease
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the percent by which an original amount is increased or decreased; this is determined by dividing the change by the original amount
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plane
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a flat surface that extends infinitely in all directions; a parallelogram is used to model this in two dimensions
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population
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a set of numbers for which data are to be collected and analyzed with the purpose of drawing some conclusions about some feature of this
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population mean
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the average of the data values for the whole population; if the sample is selected in the reasonable way, the sample mean can be used as an estimate of this
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predict
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to make a reasonable guess about something that will happen
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prism
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a solid with parallel congruent bases that are both polygons; the sides (faces) of this are all parallelograms or rectangles; these are named according to the shape of its bases
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probability
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the measurement of the likelihood that an event will occur
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probability experiment
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the process of observing an outcome when there is chance involved, which means that the outcome is not known prior to doing the experiment
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property
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in mathematics, a property is a rule or statement that is always true
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property tax
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a tax paid on real estate which is based on the value of the property, including land
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proportion
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an equation stating that two ratios are equal
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pyramid
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a three-dimensional figure whose base is a polygon and whose other faces are triangles that share a common vertex
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radius
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a line segment with one endpoint at the center of a circle and the other endpoint on the circle
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random digits
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digits (0, 1, 2,...8, 9) arranged in a random order
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random sample
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a sample that is formed by selecting individuals from the population at random
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rate
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a comparison of two different units, such as distance and time, or two different things measured with the same unit
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rate of change
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the ratio of output values to corresponding input values
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ratio
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a comparison of two quantities; ratios can be written as fractions (indicating a quotient), or using the word "to," or using a colon (:)
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rational number
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any number that can be written as the ratio of two integers where the divisor is not zero; for example, 8, 1.5, 2/5, y - 3
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rebate
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a sales promotion used as an incentive to get buyers to purchase a specific product
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regular polygon
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a polygon with all sides congruent and all angles congruent
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regular pyramid
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a pyramid with a base that is a regular polygon
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relative size
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the relationship between two items showing how the size of one item is larger or smaller than the other item
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repeating decimal
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a decimal that has one or more digits following the decimal point that repeat endlessly
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right prism
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a prism on which the bases are directly above each other, making the lateral faces perpendicular to the bases
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sales tax
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a percentage of the cost of a purchase paid as a tax
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sample
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a small representative group chosen from a population; a good one of these can be used to make predictions about the larger population
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sample mean
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the average of the data values for a sample
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sample space
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the set of all possible outcomes of an experiment
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sample statistic
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a numerical value that is calculated using data from a sample
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sampling
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choosing a portion of the population to study which resembles the entire population
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sampling variability
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the variability in the values of a sample statistic that occurs when random samples are selected from a population because different samples include different individuals
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scale drawing
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a drawing that represents an object as an enlargement or reduction of the size of an actual object; the scale factor defines the amount of enlargement or reduction
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selected at random
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choosing in a way that gives each member of the group the same chance of being chosen
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semicircle
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an arc whose measure is half of a circle; the area of this is half of the area of a circle with the same radius
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similar figures
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figures in which the lengths of the corresponding sides are in proportion and the corresponding angles are congruent
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simulation
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an artificial process for generating an outcome instead of using a probability experiment
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slant height of the pyramid
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the height of a triangular face of a pyramid
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subset
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a set whose elements are all in another set; every set is this of itself
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supplementary angles
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two angles whose measures have a sum of 180 degrees
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surface area
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the sum of the areas of the faces of a solid figure
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take-home pay
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the amount of money an employee receives in a paycheck after amounts are withheld for taxes, health insurance, or contributions to retirement savings
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terminating decimal
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a decimal that has a finite or limited number of digits following the decimal point
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theoretical probability
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the ratio of the number of outcomes in which the event can occur to the total number of outcomes in the probability experiment
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tip
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an optional payment-in addition to the cost of the bill-to someone who provides good service
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tree diagram
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a graphic organizer for listing the possible outcomes of an experiment
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unit rate
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a rate in which one of the quantities represented has a value of one; for example, a rate of 25 miles per gallon is a unit rate that can be written as 25 miles/1 gallon
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unique
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"only" or "single" in geometry, a triangle that can be drawn in only one way
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variable
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a letter or symbol used to represent a number in expressions or equations
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variable expense
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a expense that changes-or varies-over time
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vertex
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the common endpoint of two rays that form an angle
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vertical angles
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a pair of angles formed by two intersecting lines; these share a common vertex but no common sides
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volume
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the measure of the space occupied by a three-dimensional figure; this is measure in cubic units as cubic inches (inches cubed)
