Spring 2011 Bio 246 Final – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
| Molds and Yeasts |
answer
Eukaryotic Fungi
|
question
| Protozoa |
answer
| Single celled eukaryotes |
question
important providers of oxygen serve as food for many marine animals, make chemicals used in microbiological growth media
|
answer
| Algae |
question
| small prokaryotes |
answer
| bacteria and archae |
question
| largest organism studied by microbiologists |
answer
| parasitic worms |
question
| smallest microbes. can only be seem using an electron microscope |
answer
| viruses |
question
| study of fermentation, industrial biology and biochemistry, metabolism |
answer
| Pasteur and Buchner |
question
| pathogens cause infectious diseases |
answer
| Germ Theory of Disease |
question
Who discovered germ theory of disease
|
answer
| Koch, Pastuer and others |
question
| study of the causation of diseases |
answer
| Etiology |
question
koch's postulates
|
answer
1. the causitive agent must be found in every case and absent from health hosts 2. the agent must be isolated and grown outside of host 3. when introduced to healthy host, host must get the disease 4. same agent must be found in diseased experimental host |
question
| physician created handwashing techniques |
answer
| Semmelweis |
question
| developed theories of wound care and antisepsis |
answer
| Lister |
question
| introduced cleanliness and other antiseptic techniques into nursing |
answer
| Florence Nightingale |
question
| Developed good public hygiene, foundation of infection control and epidemiology |
answer
| John Snow |
question
| Developed field of immunology, smallpox vaccine |
answer
| Edward Jenner |
question
| developed chemotherapy, magic bullets |
answer
| Paul Ehrlich |
question
| stain used to put bacteria into 2 categories |
answer
Gram's Stain Gram Negative Gram Positive |
question
| Study of metabolism |
answer
| biochemistry |
question
| study of inheritance in microorganisms |
answer
| molecular biology |
question
| study of microorganisms in their natural enviroment |
answer
| environmental microbiology |
question
| acellular and do not grow, self-reproduce, or metabolize |
answer
| viruses |
question
| Have internal, membrane-bound oranelles including nuclei |
answer
Eukaryotes animals, plants, algae, fungi, and protozoa |
question
| external structures of bacterial cells |
answer
| glycocalyces, flagella, fimbriae, and pili |
question
| sticky external sheaths of cells, prevent cells from drying out |
answer
| glycocalyces |
question
| enable cells to stick to each other and to surfaces in their environment |
answer
| slime layers |
question
| protect cells from phagocytosis by other cells |
answer
| capsule |
question
| long, whiplike protrusion of some cells composed of a basal body, hook and filament allow cells movement |
answer
| flagellum |
question
| movement that may be either a positive response or a negative response to light or chemicals |
answer
Taxis Phototaxis Chemotaxis |
question
| extensions of some bacterial cells that function along with glycocalyces to adhere cells to one another and to environmental surfaces |
answer
| fimbriae |
question
| mass of fimbriae on surface |
answer
| biofilm |
question
| hollow, nonmotile tubes of protein that allow bacteria to pull themselves forward and mediate the movement of DNA from one cell to another |
answer
| Pili, or conjugation pili |
question
| provide shape and support against osmotic pressure in prokaryotic cells, composed primarily of polysaccharide chains |
answer
| cell walls |
question
| cell walls of bacteria are composed of a large interconnected molecule of ____________ |
answer
peptidoglycan (NAG) (NAM) |
question
| Thick layer of peptidoglycan |
answer
| Gram-positive bacterial cell |
question
| thin layer of peptidoglycan and an external wall membrane with periplasmic space, contains lipopolysaccharides |
answer
| Gram-negative bacterial cells |
question
| have waxy lipids in their cell walls |
answer
| Acid-fast bacteria |
question
| ______________________ is typically composed of phospholipid molecules arranged in a double layer configuration |
answer
| phospholipid bilayer |
question
| prevents the passage of some substances while allowing other substances to pass through protein pores or channels, sometimes carrier molecules |
answer
| selectively permeable cytoplasmic membrane |
question
| relative concentrations inside and outside the cell of a chemical create a |
answer
| concentration gradient |
question
| differences of electrical charges on the two sides of a membrane |
answer
| electrical gradient |
question
| higher concentration of solutes |
answer
| hypertonic |
question
| lower concentration of solutes |
answer
| hypotonic |
question
| same concentration of solutes |
answer
| isotonic solutions |
question
| moves a substance against its electrochemical gradient via carrier proteins |
answer
| Active transport |
question
| composed of the liquid cytosol inside a cell plus nonmembranous organelles and inclusions |
answer
| cytoplasm |
question
| nuclear region in prokaryotic cytosol, no membrane and usually contains a single circular molecule of DNA |
answer
| nucleoid |
question
| dormant resistant, with vegetative cells |
answer
| endospores |
question
| composed of protein and ribosomal RNA, nonmembranous organelles, in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, make proteins |
answer
| Ribosomes |
question
| network of fibrils that appear to help maintain the basic shape of prokaryotes |
answer
| cytoskeleton |
question
| form polysaccharide and polypeptide glycocalyces that function in attachment and biofilm formation, but not associated with disease |
answer
| Archaea |
question
| composed of protein or polysaccharides but not peptidoglycan |
answer
| archaeal cell walls |
question
| composed of chitin or other polysaccharides |
answer
| fungal cell walls |
question
| cell walls composed of polysaccharides or other chemicals |
answer
| fungal, plant, algal, other protozoan |
question
| contain sterols such as cholesterol, act to strengthen and solidify the membranes when temps rise and fluidity when temps fall |
answer
| eukaryotic cytoplasmic membranes |
question
| active process requiring the expenditure of energy from ATP, move things into cell |
answer
| endocytosis |
question
| when solids are brought into the cell by endocytosis |
answer
| phagocytosis |
question
| nonmembranous organelles in animal and some fungal cells only, are found in a region of the cytoplasm called the centrosome, formation of flagella and cilia in cell division |
answer
| centrioles |
question
| refers to the passage of light or electrons of various wavelengths through lenses to magnify objects and provide resolution and contrast so that those objects can be viewed and studied |
answer
| microscopy |
question
| increases the numerical aperture and resolution |
answer
| immersion oil |
question
| may be used to enhance contrast between an object and its background |
answer
| staining techniques |
question
| lens closest to object being magnified |
answer
| objective lens |
question
| lens closest to the eyes |
answer
| ocular lenses |
question
| magnifications of the objective and ocular lens are multiplied to give |
answer
| total magnification |
question
| photograph of a microscopic image |
answer
| micrograph |
question
| provide a dark background for small or colorless specimens |
answer
| dark-field microscopes |
question
| cause light rays that pass through a specimen to be out of phase with light rays that pass through the field, producing contrast |
answer
| phase microscopes |
question
| use ultraviolet light and fluorescent dyes to fluoresce specimens and enhance contrast |
answer
| fluorescent microscopes |
question
| uses fluorescent dyes in conjunction with computers to provide three-dimensional images of a specimen |
answer
| confocal microscope |
question
| provides an image produced by the transmission of electrons through a thinly slices, dehydrated specimen |
answer
| transmission electron microscope |
question
| provides a three-dimensional image by scattering electrons from the metal-coated surgace of a specimen |
answer
| scanning electron microscope |
question
| minuscle electronic probes are used to reveal details at the atomic level |
answer
| scanning tunneling microscopes and atomic force microscopes |
question
| passing slide through a flame to fix stain |
answer
| heat fixation |
question
| applying a chemical to slide to fix stain |
answer
| chemical fixation |
question
| involve the simple process of soaking the smear with one dye and then rinsing with water |
answer
| simple stain |
question
| use more than one dye to differentiate different cells, chemicals, or structures |
answer
| differential stains |
question
| Gram Stain, acid-fast stain, endospore stain |
answer
| differential stains |
question
| use of a primary stain, a mordant, and decolorizing agent, and a counterstain |
answer
| Gram stain |
question
| purple stain |
answer
| gram-positive |
question
| pink stain |
answer
| gram-negative stain |
question
| dyes that stain the background and leave the cells colorless |
answer
| negative (capsule) stains |
question
| nonoverlapping groups of organisms that are studied and named in taxonomy |
answer
| taxa |
question
| invented the system of taxonomy |
answer
| Carolus Linnaeus |
question
| practice of naming organisms with two names |
answer
| binomical nomenclature |
question
| different ways species are distinguished |
answer
| phage typantisera, agglutination tests, nucleic acid analysis, phage typing |
question
| visible population of microorganisms arising from a single cell or colony-forming unit living in one place |
answer
| colony |
question
| chemical nutrients |
answer
| carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen |
question
| use carbon dioxide as a carbon source and light energy to make their own food |
answer
| photoautotrophs |
question
| use carbon dioxide as a carbon source but catabolize organic molecules for energy |
answer
| chemoautotrophs |
question
| photosynthetic organisms that acquire energy from light and acquire nutrients via catabolism of organic compounds |
answer
| photoheterotrophs |
question
| use organic compounds for both energy and carbon |
answer
| chemoheterotrophs |
question
| acquire electrons for redox reactions from organic sources |
answer
| organotrophs |
question
| acquire electrons form inorganic sources |
answer
| lithotrophs |
question
| require oxygen molecules as the final electron acceptor of their electron transport chains |
answer
| obligate aerobes |
question
| cannot tolerate oxygen and must use an electron acceptor other than oxygen |
answer
| obligate anaerobes |
question
| toxic type of oxygen which is neutralized by pigments called carotenoids |
answer
| singlet oxygen |
question
| toxic type of oxygen which are detoxified by superoxide dismutase |
answer
| superoxide radicals |
question
| toxic type of oxygen that is detoxified by catalase or peroxidase |
answer
| peroxide anion |
question
| type of toxic oxygen that is the most reactive of the toxic forms |
answer
| hydroxyl radicals |
question
| microbes that strictly require oxygen |
answer
| aerobes |
question
| microbes that strictly cannot tolerate oxygen |
answer
| anaerobes |
question
| microbes that can live with or without oxygen |
answer
| facultative anaerobes |
question
| microbes that prefer anaerobic conditions but can tolerate exposure to low levels of oxygen |
answer
| aerotolerant anaerobes |
question
| microbes that require low levels of oxygen |
answer
| microaerophiles |
question
| some bacteria can reduce nitrogen gas into a more usable form in ____________ |
answer
| nitrogen fixation |
question
| organic chemicals required in small amounts for metabolism |
answer
| growth factors, like vitamins |
question
| temp at which an organism's metabolic activities produce the highest growth rate |
answer
| optimum growth temperature |
question
| grow best at neutral pH |
answer
| neutrophils |
question
| grow best in acidic surroundings |
answer
| acidophiles |
question
| live in alkaline habitats |
answer
| alkalinophiles |
question
| shriveling of cell |
answer
| crenation |
question
| require high osmotic pressure |
answer
| obligate halophiles |
question
| do not require high osmotic pressure |
answer
| facultative halophiles |
question
| organisms that normally live under the extreme hydrostatic pressure at great depth below the surface of a body of water |
answer
| barophiles |
question
| process by which bacteria respond to changes in microbial density by utilizing signal and receptor molecules |
answer
| Quorum sensing |
question
| Coldest temperature requirements |
answer
| psychrophiles |
question
| require hottest temps |
answer
| hyperthermophiles |
question
| sample of human material |
answer
| clinical specimen |
question
| contain cells of only one species and are derived from colony-forming unit composed of a single cell or group of related cells |
answer
| pure cultures (axenic) |
question
| provides exact known amounts of nutrients for the growth of a particular microbe |
answer
| defined medium |
question
| contain a variety of growth factors |
answer
| complex media |
question
| growth phase when organisms are adjusting to their environment |
answer
| lag phase |
question
| growth stage when organisms are most actively growing |
answer
| log phase |
question
| growth stage in which new organisms are being produced at the same rate old ones are dying |
answer
| stationary phase |
question
| Sterilization |
answer
| the eradication of microorganisms and viruses |
question
| Aseptic |
answer
| enviroment free of contamination by pathogens |
question
| Antisepsis |
answer
| the inhibition/ killing of microorganisms on skin or tissue by the use of a chemical antiseptic |
question
| Disenfection |
answer
| refers to the use of agents to inhibit microbes on inanimate objects |
question
| degerming |
answer
| refers to the removal of microbes from a surface by scrubbing |
question
| sanitation |
answer
| reduction of a prescribed number of pathogens from surfaces and utensils in public settings |
question
| Pasteurization |
answer
| process using heat to kill pathogens and control microbes that cause spoilage of food and beverages |
question
| suffixes -stasis and -static |
answer
| indicate that an antimicrobial agent inhibits microbes |
question
| -cide or -cidal |
answer
| indicate that the agent kills or permanently inactivates a particular type of microbe |
question
| microbial death |
answer
| the permanent loss of reproductive capacity |
question
| microbial death rate |
answer
| measures the efficacy of an antimicrobial agent |
question
| How to antimicrobial agents destroy microbes? |
answer
| by altering their cell walls and membranes or by interrupting their metabolism and reproduction via interference with proteins and nucleic acids |
question
| factors affecting efficacy of antimicrobial control |
answer
| site to be treated, relative susceptibility of microorganisms and environmental conditions |
question
| Phenol coefficient, use-dilution test, Kelsey-Sykes capacity test, in-use test |
answer
| methods for evaluating the effectiveness of a disinfectant |
question
| thermal death point |
answer
| lowest temperature that kills all cells in a broth in 10 minutes |
question
| Thermal death time |
answer
| time it takes to completely sterilize a particular volume of liquid at a set temperature |
question
| decimal reduction time |
answer
| time required to destroy 90% of the microbes in a sample |
question
| autoclave |
answer
| Uses steam heat under pressure to sterilize chemicals and objects that can tolerate moist heat |
question
| Boiling |
answer
| denatures proteins and destroys membranes, disinfection and sanitation |
question
| Autoclaving |
answer
15 min at 121 degrees Celsius denatures proteins and destroys membranes sterilization of medical and laboratory supplies, sterilization of canned food |
question
| Pasteurization |
answer
15 seconds at 72 degrees celsius denatures proteins and destroys membranes destruction of all pathogens and most spoilage microbes in dairy products, juices beer wine |
question
| Ultra-high Temp sterilization |
answer
1-3 sec at 140 degrees celsius denatures proteins and destroys membranes sterilization of dairy products |
question
| Hot Air |
answer
2 hours at 160 degrees celsius denatures proteins, destroys membranes, oxidizes metabolic compounds Sterilization of water sensitive materials |
question
| Incineration |
answer
1 second at more than 1000 degree celsius oxidizes everything completely sterilization of inoculating loops, waste and diseased carcasses |
question
| refrigeration |
answer
0-7 degrees celsius inhibits metabolism preservation of food |
question
| freezing |
answer
inhibits metabolism preservation of food |
question
dessication (drying) ; |
answer
inhibits metabolism preservation of food |
question
| Lyophilization (freeze drying) |
answer
inhibits metabolism long-term storage of bacterial cultures |
question
| Filtration |
answer
physically separates microbes form air and liquids sterilization of air and heat, vaccines, antibiotics |
question
| Osmotic Pressure |
answer
inhibits metabolism preservation of food |
question
| ionizing radiation |
answer
electronic beams, gamma rays, X rays Destroys DNA sterilization of medical and lab equipment, and preservation of food |
question
| Non-ionizing radiation |
answer
ultraviolet light formation of thymine dimers inhibits DNA transcription and replication disinfection and sterilization of surfaces and of transparent fluids and gases |
question
| Phenolics |
answer
| intermediate to low level disentectants that denature proteins and disrupt cell membranes |
question
| Alcohols |
answer
intermediate-level disinfectants that denature proteins and disrupt cell membranes ; |
question
| Halogens |
answer
iodine, bromine, chlorine, fluorine intermediate-level disinfectants and antispetics to kill microbes in water or medical instruments or skin |
question
Oxidizing agents ; |
answer
hydrogen peroxide, ozone, peracetic acid high-level disenfectants and antiseptics that release oxygen radicals |
question
| Surfactants |
answer
soaps, detergents, quaternary ammonium compounds Low-level disinfectants |
question
| Heavy-metal ions |
answer
arsenic, silver, mercury, copper and zinc low level disinfectants denature proteins |
question
| Aldehydes |
answer
| high level disinfectants; |
question
| Gaseous agents |
answer
ethylene oxide, etc high level disinfecting; sterilize heat-sensitive equipment and large objects |
question
| antimicrobial enzymes |
answer
| organisms use to combat microbes |
question
| antimicrobials |
answer
antibiotics, semisynthetics, and sythetics intermediate level disinfectants and antibiotics |
question
3 Basic Shapes of prokaryotic cells ; |
answer
| cocci, rod shaped bacilli, spirals |
question
| vibrios |
answer
| slightly curved rods |
question
| streptococci |
answer
| long chains of cocci |
question
| diplococci |
answer
| pairs of cocci |
question
| tetrads |
answer
| foursomes of cocci |
question
| sarcinae |
answer
| cuboidal packets of cocci |
question
| staphylococci |
answer
| clusters of cocci |
question
| Budding |
answer
| an outgrowth of the original cell receives a copy of the genetic material and enlarges, eventually cut off from parental cell |
question
| Bacillus and Clostridium |
answer
| Endospores are created within the vegetative cells of these Gram-positive generas |
question
| extremophiles |
answer
| Archae that require extreme conditions of temp, pH, and or salinity to survive |
question
| Thermophiles |
answer
| live at temps above 45 degrees Celsius and 80 degrees celsius |
question
| Halophiles |
answer
| high concentrations of salt to keep cell walls intact |
question
| methanogens |
answer
| obligate anaerobes that produce methan gas and are useful in sewage treatment |
question
| deeply branching bacteria |
answer
| have rRNA sequences thought to be similar to those of early bacteria live in hot acidic environments |
question
| phototrophic bacteria |
answer
| trap light energy with photosynthetic lamelae |
question
| 5 groups of phototrophic bacteria |
answer
| Cyanobacteria, green sulfur bacteria, green nonsulfur, purple sulfur, and purple non sulfur |
question
| Firmicutes |
answer
contain bacteria with G + C ratio of less than 50% Clostridia, mycoplasmas, and other low G + C cocci and bacilli |
question
| Clostridia |
answer
genus Clostridium (pathogenic causes gangrene, tetanus, botulism, and diarrhea) genus Epulopiscium and Veillonella |
question
| Mycoplasmas |
answer
Gram-positive, pleomorphic, facultative anaerobes and obligate anaerobes that lack cell walls and therfore stain pink with gram stain Pneumonia and UTI |
question
| Low G + C Gram Positive Bacilli and cocci |
answer
| Bacillus, Listeria, Lactobacillus, streptococcus, enterococcus, staphylococcus |
question
| High G + C Bacteria |
answer
| Corynebacterium, Mycobacterium, actinomycetes |
question
| Mycobacterium (Genus) |
answer
cause tuberculosis and leprosy grow slowly and have unique, resistant cell wallas containing waxy mycolic acids |
question
| Actinomycetes |
answer
| resembe fungi int that they produce spores and form filaments, Actinomyces, nocardia, streptomyces |
question
| Phylum Proteobacteria |
answer
| large group of Gram-Negative bacteria divided into five classes alpha, beta, gamma, delta and epsilon proteobacteria |
question
| alphaproteobacteria |
answer
| variety of aerobes, unusual cellular extensions called prosthecae |
question
| Pathogenic alphaproteobacteria |
answer
| rickettsia and Brucella |
question
| Betaproteobacteria |
answer
| nitrifying Nitrosomonas, Neisseria, Bordetella, and Burkholderia |
question
| gammaproteobacteria |
answer
| legionella, coxiella |
question
| epsilonproteobacteria |
answer
| Campylobacter and Helicobacter |
question
| Chlamydias |
answer
gram-negative cocci; neonatal blindness, pneumonia, and a sexually transmitted disease |
question
| Spriochetes |
answer
flexible, helical bacteria that live in diverse environments Treponema and Borrelia |
question
| Bacteroids |
answer
| Bacteroides Cytophaga |
question
| virus |
answer
| tiny infectious agent with nucleic acid surrounded by proteinaceous capsomeres that form a coat called a capsid |
question
| viron |
answer
| complete viral partical, including nucleic acid and capsid |
question
| genomes of viruses |
answer
| DNA or RNA, dsDNA, ssDNA, dsRNA, ssRNA |
question
| bacteriophage |
answer
| virus that infects a bacterial cell |
question
| envelope |
answer
| membranous structure around viron |
question
| Attachment stage in viruses |
answer
| between viron and host, nucleic acid enters cell sometimes whole virus |
question
| uncoating |
answer
| viral capsid is removed |
question
| budding (viruses) |
answer
| extrusion of enveloped virions through the host cytoplasmic membrane |
question
| Temperate (lysogenic) phages |
answer
| enter a bacterial cell and remain inactive lysogeny or lysogenic replication cycle |
question
| Prophages |
answer
| inactive phages that are inserted into the chromosome of the cella and passed to its daughter cells |
question
| Lysogenic conversion |
answer
| phages carry genes that alter the phenotype of a bacterium |
question
| induction |
answer
| prophage may be excised from the chromosome; |
question
| latency |
answer
| process similar to lysogeny an animal virus remains inactive in a cell for years |
question
| latent virus |
answer
| provirus. one that has become incorporated into a host's chromosome remains there |
question
| dsDNA |
answer
| act like celular DNA in transcription except for Hep B |
question
| ss RNA viruses |
answer
| positive stranted RNA can be directly translated by ribosomes to synthesize proteins |
question
| Retroviruses |
answer
HIV are +ssRNA viruses that carry reverse transcriptase, which transcribes DNA from RNA |
question
| -ssRNA viruses |
answer
| carry an RNA-dependent RNA transcriptase for transcribing mRNA from the -RNA genome so that protein can then be translated. |
question
| dsRNA Viruses |
answer
| one strand of RNA functions as a genome, and the other strand functions as a template for RNA replication |
question
| Neoplasia |
answer
| uncontrolled cellular reproduction in a multicellular animal. |
question
| tumor |
answer
| mass of neoplastic cells |
question
| benign |
answer
| harmless |
question
| malignant |
answer
| invasive |
question
| metastisis |
answer
| describes the spreading of malignant tumors |
question
| How are viruses cultured? |
answer
| inside mature organisms because they cannot metabolize or replicate alone |
question
| plaques |
answer
| clear areas on plate after bacteria is lysed by phages |
question
| viroids |
answer
| small circular pieces of RNA with no capsid that infect and cause disease in plants |
question
| Prions |
answer
| infectious protein particles that lack nucleic acids and replicate by converting similar normal proteins into new prions |
question
| mutualism |
answer
| both members benefit |
question
| parasitism |
answer
| parasite benefits while host is harmed |
question
| commensalism |
answer
| one member benefits while other is relatively unaffected |
question
| pathogen |
answer
| are parasite that causes disease |
question
| normal microbiota |
answer
| live in and on the body |
question
| opportunistic pathogens |
answer
| cause disease when the immune system is supressed |
question
| resevoirs of infection |
answer
| living and nonliving continuous sources of infectious disease |
question
| zoonoses |
answer
| diseases of animals that may be spread to humans via direct contact with the animal or its waste products |
question
| nonliving resevoirs of infection |
answer
| soil, water, and inanimate objects |
question
| microbial contamination |
answer
mere prescence of microbes in or on the body or object harmless and transient |
question
| portals of entry |
answer
| skin, mucous membranes, placenta |
question
| parenteral route |
answer
| microbes directly deposited into deeper tissues |
question
| adhesion |
answer
| pathogens attach to cells via a variety of structures or attachment proteins called adhesion factors |
question
| avirulent |
answer
| bacteria and viruses lose the ability to make adhesion factors called adhesins |
question
| biofilm |
answer
| sticky web of cells and polysaccharides |
question
| disease or morbidity |
answer
| condition sufficiently adverse to interfere with normal functioning of the body |
question
| symptoms |
answer
| subjectively felt by a patient |
question
| sign |
answer
| outside observercan observe them |
question
| syndrome |
answer
| group of symptoms and signs that collectively characterizes a particular abnormal condition |
question
| asymptomatic or subclinical infections |
answer
| infection that may go unnoticed because of the absence of symptoms, even though clinical tests might reveal signs of disease |
question
| pathogenicity |
answer
| microorganisms ability to cause disease |
question
| virulence |
answer
| measure of pathogenicity |
question
| Virulence factors |
answer
| adhesion factors, extracellular enzymes, toxins, and antiphagocytic factors affect the relative ability of a pathogen to infect and cause disease |
question
| Toxemia |
answer
| presence in the blood of poisons called toxins |
question
| exotoxins |
answer
| secreted by pathogens into their environment |
question
| endotoxin |
answer
| Lipid A, released from cell wall of dead and dying Gram-negative bacteria and can have fatal effects |
question
| antitoxins |
answer
| antibodies the host forms against toxins |
question
| disease process |
answer
| stages of infectious diseases |
question
| incubation |
answer
| the time between infection and occurence of the first symptoms or signs of disease |
question
| prodromal period |
answer
| short time of generalized, mild symptoms that precede illness |
question
| Illness |
answer
| most severe stage of an infectious disease. signs and symptoms most evident |
question
| Decline period |
answer
| the body gradually returns to normal as the patient's immune response and or medical treatment vanquish the pathogens |
question
|
answer
| patient recovers from the illness, tissues are repaired and returned to normal. infectious over every stage of disease |
question
| Portals of exit |
answer
| nose, mouth, urethra, allow pathogens to leave the body and are of interst in studying the spread of disease |
question
| Direct contact transmission of infectious diseases |
answer
| involves person-to person spread by body contact |
question
| indirect contact transmission |
answer
| when pathogens are transmitted via inanimate objectes (Fomites) |
question
| Droplet transmission |
answer
| occurs when pathogens travel less that 1 meter in droplets of mucus to a new host as a result of speaking or coughing |
question
| Vehicle transmission |
answer
| airborne, waterborne, and foodborne transmission |
question
| aerosols |
answer
| clouds of water droplets which travel more than 1 meter in airborne transmission |
question
| Fecal-Oral infection |
answer
| result from sewage-contaminated drinking water or from ingesting fecal contaminants |
question
| Bodily fluid transmission |
answer
| spread of pathogens via blood, urine, saliva, or other fluids |
question
| Vectors |
answer
| transmit pathogens between hosts |
question
| biological vectors |
answer
| animals, usually biting arthropods, that serve as both host and vector of pathogens |
question
| Mechanical vectors |
answer
| not hosts to the pathogens they carry |
question
| Acute disease |
answer
| develops rapidly but lasts a short period of time |
question
| chronic diseases |
answer
| develop slowly and are continual or recurrent |
question
| sub acute diseases |
answer
| have durations and severities that lie somewhere between acute and chronic |
question
| Latent disease |
answer
| those in which a pathogen remains inactive for a long period of time before becoming active |
question
| communicable disease |
answer
| infectious disease comes from another infected host, either directly or indirectly |
question
| contagious disease |
answer
| communicable disease is easily transmitted between hosts |
question
| noncommunicable disease |
answer
arise outside of hosts or from normal microbiota tooth decay |
question
| epidemiology |
answer
| study of where and when diseases occur and how they are transmitted within populations |
question
| incidence |
answer
| number of new cases of a disease |
question
| prevalence |
answer
| total number of cases of a disease |
question
| endemic |
answer
| disease is usually present |
question
| sporadic |
answer
| occasional disease |
question
| epidemic |
answer
| more cases than usual |
question
| pandemic |
answer
| epidemic on more than one continent |
question
| nosocomial infections/nosocomial diseases |
answer
| aquired by patients or workers in healthcare facilities |
question
| exogenous nosocomial infection |
answer
| acquired by health care enviroment |
question
| endogenou nosocomial infection |
answer
| derived from normal microbiota that become opportunistic while in the hospital setting |
question
| iatrogenic nosocomial infection |
answer
| induced by treatment or medical procedures |
question
| Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermis |
answer
found on skin and in upper respiratory , gastrointestinal, and urogenital tracts ; |
question
| Food poisoning |
answer
| staphylococcus noninvasive disease |
question
| Staphylococcal scaled skin syndrome, impetigo, folliculitis, sties, furuncles, carbuncles |
answer
| cutaneous staphylococcus diseases; |
question
Toxic Shock Syndrome S.aureus |
answer
staphylococcus grow in wound or in an abraded vagina fever, vomiting, red rash, extremely low vlood pressure, and loss of sheets of skin |
question
| Bacteremia |
answer
S. aureus presence of bacteria in the blood |
question
| Endocarditis |
answer
S.aureus may attack lining of the heart most do not survive |
question
| Pneumonia and Empyema |
answer
| Staphylococcus in blood can invade lungs and filld with fluid |
question
| Osteomyelitis |
answer
| Staphylococcus ivades a bone, inflammation of the bone marrow and surrounding bone |
question
| MRSA |
answer
| disease caused by Staphylococcus aureus that is resistant to many forms of antibiotics. More people die of this than HIV in the U.S. |
question
| Streptococcus |
answer
| diverse assemblage of Gram-positive coccie arranged in pairs or chains. faculate anaerobes |
question
Group A Streptococcus Streptococcus pyogenes |
answer
S.pyogenes evade phagocytosis by M protein and Hyaluronic acid capsule infects pharynx or skin |
question
| Pharyngitis |
answer
S.pyogenes "strep throat" inflammation of pharynx with fever, malaise and headache back of throat is swollen, with swollen lymph nodes |
question
| Scarlet Fever |
answer
scarlatina s.pyogenes rash spreads from chest accross body sloughing of the skin |
question
| Pyoderma and Erysipelas |
answer
lesions on face and legs impetigo pain and inflammation on face |
question
| Toxic Shocklike Syndrome |
answer
bacteremia and severe multisystem infections s.pyogenes |
question
| Necrotizing Fasciitis |
answer
s.pyogenes flesh eating bacteria destroy tissues |
question
| Rheumatic Fever |
answer
complication of untread s.pyogenes pharyngitis inflammation leads to damage of heart valves and muscles |
question
| Treatment of Streptococcus |
answer
penicillin very effective antibodies against M protein |
question
Group B. Streptococcus Streptococcus agalactiae |
answer
gram positive capsules are not protective against antibodies ; |
question
| Viridans streptococci |
answer
| cavities |
question
| Streptococcus pneumoniae |
answer
gram positive bacteria; normal member of the pharyngeal microbiota that can colonize the lungs, sinuses, and middle ear otis media, endocarditis, meningitis |
question
| Enterococcus |
answer
gram positive cocci, pathogenic in humans live in intestinal tracts of animals can cause problems if infect other parts of the body |
question
| Bacillus |
answer
| gram positive bacilli into endospore-forming and non-endospore forming genera |
question
| Bacillus anthracis |
answer
large, rod shaped, facultatlively anaerobic bacterium that normal dwells in soil endospore forming ; |
question
| Anthrax |
answer
b.anthracis through breaks in skin bioterrorism gastrointestinal, cutaneous, inhalation |
question
| Clostridium |
answer
anaerobic, gram-positive endospore forming bacillus that is ubiquitous in soil, water, sewage and gastrointestinal tracts of animals and humans ; |
question
| Clostridium perfringens |
answer
rapid growth 11 toxins that lyse erthrocytes and leukocytes, kills cels mild food poisoning to life threatening illness |
question
| Gas gangrene |
answer
| bacterial waste product produced by tissue death due to c.perfringens |
question
| Clostridium difficile |
answer
motile, anaerobic intestinal bacterium form endospores opportunistic in patients treated with wide-spectrum antimicrobial drugs pseudomembranous colitis-colon wall sloughs off |
question
| Clostridium botulinum |
answer
anaerobic, endospore forming gram positive common in soil and water worldwide Botulism toxins act by binding irreversibly to neuronal cytoplasmic membranes, preventing fusion of vesicles and secretion of acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft-flaccid paralysis |
question
| clostridium tetani |
answer
small, motile, obligate anaerobe that produces endospore in soil, dust and GI tracts of animals and humans lockjaw |
question
| Listeria |
answer
low G+C Gram-positive non-endospore forming bacillus found in soil, water, mammals, birds fish and insects enters body through contaminated food and drink |
question
| mycoplasmas |
answer
have sterols in their cytoplasmic membranes, lack cell walls Pelvic Inflammatory disease |
question
| Corynebacterium |
answer
high G+C pleomorphic, non-endospore forming bacteria on plants and in animals and humans divide via snapping division ; |
question
| corynebacterium diphtheriae |
answer
transmitted from person to person via respiratory droplets or skin contact sore throat, pain; |
question
| Tuberculosis |
answer
primary mycobacterial disease respiratory disease waxy cell walls ; |
question
| Leprosy |
answer
mycobacterium leprae Hansen's disease high G+C Gram positive bacillus stained with acid fast stain
|
question
| propionibacterium |
answer
| acne |
question
| nocardia asteroides |
answer
opportunistic bacterial pathogen that infects numerous sites, lungs, skin, and central nervous system causes pneumonia |
question
| Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) |
answer
| blood clots throughout the body |
question
| Neisseria |
answer
| pathogenic, Gram-negative, oxidase-positive coccus, contains Lipid A |
question
| Neisseria gonorrhoeae |
answer
| causes gonorrhea, sexually transmitted disease of humans, can cause pelvic inflammatory disease |
question
| Neisseria meningitidis |
answer
| causes a type of meningitis, bacterium is transmitted on respiratory droplets and is life threatening when it enters the bloodstream or central nervous system |
question
| Enterobacteriaceae, enteric bacteria |
answer
| can be pathogenic, oxidase negative, reduce nitrate to nitrite, ferment glucose anaerobically, siderophores |
question
| Coliforms |
answer
| found in intestinal tracts of animals and humans |
question
| Escherichia coli |
answer
| most common and most widely studied coliform. causes gastroenteritis, non-nosocomial urinary tract infection, hemolytic uremia syndrome |
question
| Salmonella enterica |
answer
| Salmonellosis serious form of diarrhea |
question
| Typhi and Parathypi |
answer
| S. enterica, typhoid fever |
question
| Shigellosis |
answer
| Shigella, severe form of diarrhea |
question
| Bubonic and pneumonic plague |
answer
| Yersinia enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis, virulent form |
question
| Brucellosis |
answer
| Bang's disease, undulent fever, Malta fever, Brucella in unpasteurized contaminated milk |
question
| Pertussis |
answer
| Bordetella pertussis whooping cough,; |
question
| Tularemia |
answer
| rabbit fever or tick fever, Francisella tularensis |
question
| Legionnaires disease |
answer
| legionellosis, pontiac fever, caused by legionella, transmitted by aerosols |
question
| Rickettsias |
answer
| extremely small, gram-negative, obligate intracelular parasites |
question
| Rocky mountain spotted fever |
answer
Rickettsia rickettsii; serious illness transmitted by ticks |
question
| Epidemic typhus |
answer
| pickettsia rickettsii, lice-borne disease |
question
human monocytic ehrlichiosis ; |
answer
| Ehrlichia chaffeensis |
question
| Anaplasmosis |
answer
| Anaplasma phagocytophilum |
question
| Chlamydias |
answer
| small, nonmotile, obligate intracellular parasites, elementary bodies-infectious, reticulate bodies- noninfectious, and inclusion body-edosome |
question
| Chlamydia |
answer
| causes the most reported sexually transmitted disease in the U.S. |
question
| Syphilis |
answer
| caused by Treponema pallidum pallidum, sexually transmitted obligate parasite of humans, chancre,; |
question
| congenital syphilis |
answer
| infected mother infects her fetus |
question
| yaws |
answer
| teronema pallidum pertenue, skin disease in South America, central africa, and southeast asia |
question
| Lyme Disease |
answer
| Borrelia burgdorferi, disease transmitted by ticks Ixodes bull's eye rash |
question
| Leptospirosis |
answer
| zoonotic disease in humans transmitted via animal urine and characterized by pain, headacher, liver and kidney dysfunction |
question
| Vibrio |
answer
| genus of Gram-negative curved bacteria with polar flagella that naturally live in marine environments |
question
| Vibrio cholerae |
answer
| causes cholera, disease contracted via the ingestion of contaminated food and water. Cholera has been pandermic through the centuries |
question
| Vibrio parahaemolyticus |
answer
| enters the body via ingestion of shellfish from contaminated waters, milder form of cholera gastroenteristis |
question
| Campylobacter jejuni |
answer
| found in domestic animal resevoirs, commonly causes gastroenteritis when ingested in contaminated food, water, or milk |
question
| Helicobacter pylori |
answer
| reduces the amount of mucus produced in the stomach, acidic gastric juice eats away the stomach lining causing peptic ulcers |
question
| Medical mycology |
answer
| study of the diagnosis, management and prevention of mycoses |
question
| mycoses |
answer
| fungal diseases |
question
| dermatophytes |
answer
| fungi that spread my human-to human contact |
question
| diagnosis of mycoses |
answer
| correlates signs and symptoms with microscopic examinatino of tissues or labratory cultures |
question
| Amphotericin B |
answer
| kills most fungi and can be uses to treat most fungal infections |
question
| Systemic mycoses |
answer
fungal infections that spread throughout the body Blastomyces, Coccidioides, Histoplasma, Paracoccidioides |
question
| histoplasmosis |
answer
Histoplasma capsulatum associated primarily with bat and bird droppings in soil in the Ohio River Valley |
question
| Blastomycosis |
answer
| found in the eastern U.S. and is caused by blastomyces dermatitidis, normally lives in soil rich in organic material |
question
| Coccidioidomycosis |
answer
coccidioides immitis common in AIDS patients contaminated dust |
question
| paracoccidioidomycosis |
answer
| paracoccidioides brasiliensis found in Brazil and some other regions of south and central america, permanently disfiguring lesions |
question
| Pneumocystis pneumonia |
answer
pneumocystis jiroveci leading cause of death in AIDS patients in the U.S. The organism shows a blend of characteristics similar to those of both protozoans and fungi. multiplies rapidly |
question
| Candidiasis |
answer
| Candida, most important pathogen of AIDS patients |
question
| Aspergillosis |
answer
| group of diseases caused by Aspergillus species |
question
| cryptococcoses |
answer
| cryptococcus neoformans common in bird droppings and soil manifest as cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS pts |
question
| Zygomycoses |
answer
| Mucor |
question
| Black and White Piedra |
answer
| benign, superficial infections of the hair shafts that can be transmitted among family members through shared brushes |
question
| Dermatophytoses |
answer
| tineas, ringworms superficial skin, nail and hair infections cause by fungi transmitted from individual to individual |
question
| Pityriasis |
answer
| Malassezia furfur, fungus that infects the skin, discolored patches of skin |
question
| Chromobastomycosis and phaeohyphomycosis |
answer
| dark-pigmented fungi, traumatic introduction of fungi into the skin |
question
| Mycetomas |
answer
| invasive and destructive infections following introduction of soil fungi through scrapes or pricks from vegetation, surgery or amputation is required to remove it. |
question
| Sporotrchosis |
answer
| inoculation of soil fungi by thorn pricks, lesions along the course of lymphatic vessels |
question
| mycotoxins |
answer
| result of fungal metabolism, if ingested can result in death |
question
| Mycetismus |
answer
| results from eating mycotoxic mushrooms |
question
| Aflatoxins |
answer
| Aspergillus, well known mycotoxins |
question
| Poxviridae |
answer
| Double stranded, enveloped, complex capsid, smallpox, molluscum cantagiosum |
question
| Herpesviridae |
answer
| Double stranded, enveloped, icosahedral, Herpes virus, chickenpox, Epstein-Barr, cytomegalovirus |
question
| Papillomaviridae |
answer
| double stranded, naked, icosahedral, papillomavirus, |
question
| Polyomaviridae |
answer
| Double Stranded, naked, icosahedral, polymavirus |
question
| Adenoviridae |
answer
| Double stranded, naked, icosahedral, mastadenovirus, conjunctivitis, respiratory infections |
question
| Hepadnoviridae |
answer
| partial single and partial double, enveloped, icosahedral, orthohepadnavirus (Hep B) |
question
| Parvoviridae |
answer
| single stranded , naked, icosahedral, erythrovirus (fifth disease) |
question
| Smallpox |
answer
| eradicated by nature in 1980, variola minor-less sever, variola major- more severe, monkey px and cowpox can infect humans but it is rare |
question
| Herpesviridae |
answer
| fever blisters, genital herpes, chickenpox, shingles, mononucleosis, cancer, |
question
| Human herpesvirus 1 and 2 |
answer
painful coldsores and lesions on lips and genitals LATENT |
question
| Ocular herpes |
answer
| one eye, sensitivity to blindness |
question
| Whitlow |
answer
| inflamed blister resulting from infection of Herpes 1 or 2 in cut of skin (health professionals) |
question
| Human herpesvirus 3 |
answer
Varicella (chickenpox), herpes zoster (Shingles in adults) latent lesions |
question
| Burkitts lymphoma |
answer
| infectious cancer caused by human herpesvirus 4, Epstein Barr Virus. Also causes mono, hodgkins lymphoma, nasopharyngeal cancer, hairy leukoplakia in AIDS pts. |
question
| Human herpesvirus 5 |
answer
| cytomeglavirus, causes infectious cells to enlarge, can be fatal to newborns |
question
| Human herpes virus 6 |
answer
| roseola, rose colored rash on face of children |
question
| Human herpes virus 7 |
answer
| orphan virus, has no disease |
question
| Human herpes virus 8 |
answer
| causes Kaposi's sarcoma, cancer in AIDS pts |
question
| Wart |
answer
| papilloma, benign growth of epithelium or mucous membrane caused by paplillomavirus |
question
| condylomata acuminata |
answer
| large, cauliflower like genital warts |
question
| Polyomaviruses |
answer
| BK JC viruses, infect the kidneys of most people, only in immunosuppressed people |
question
| adenovirus |
answer
| common cold and pinkeye |
question
| Hepatitis B (HBV) |
answer
| infects the liveer, transmitted in blood and other bodily fluids, only DNA virus that causes hepatitis, vaccine against but no treatment |
question
| Picornaviridae |
answer
| single stranded positive, naked, icosahedral, enterovirus (polio), rhinovirus (common cold), hepatovirus (hep A) |
question
| Caliciviridae |
answer
| single stranded, positive, naked, icosahedral, norovirus (acute gastroenteritis) |
question
| Hepeviridae |
answer
| single stranded, positive, naked, icosahedral, helpvirus(hep E) |
question
| Astroviridae |
answer
| single stranded, positive, naked, icosahedral, astrovirus (gastroenteritis) |
question
| Togavirus |
answer
| single stranded, positive, enveloped, icosahedral, alphavirus (encephalitis) and Rubivirus (rubella) |
question
| Flaviviridae |
answer
| single stranded, positive, enveloped, icosahedral, flavivirus (yellow fever) and hepacivirus (Hep C) |
question
| coronaviridae |
answer
| single stranded, positive, enveloped, helical, coronavirus (common cold, SARS) |
question
| Retroviridae |
answer
| single stranded, positive, segmented, enveloped, icosahedral, deltaretrovirus (leukemia) Lentivirus (AIDS) |
question
| Paramyxoviridae |
answer
| single stranded, negative, enveloped, helical, paramyxovirus (colds, respiratory infections), Pneumovirus( respiratory syncitial disease) morillivirus (measles), Rubulavirus (mumps) |
question
| Rhabdoviridae |
answer
| single stranded, negative, enveloped, helical, lyssavirus (rabies) |
question
| Filoviridae |
answer
| single stranded, negative, enveloped, helical, ebolavirus (ebola hemorrhagic fever), Marburgvirus (marburg hemorrhagic fever |
question
| Orthomyxoviridae |
answer
| single stranded, negative, segmented, enveloped, helical, influenzavirus (flu) |
question
| Bunyaviridae |
answer
| single stranded, negative, segmented, enveloped, helical, bunyavirus( encephalitis) hantavirus (pneumonia) |
question
| Arenaviridae |
answer
single stranded, negative, segmented enveloped, helical, lassavirus (hemorrhagic fever), Deltavirus (hep D) |
question
| Reoviridae |
answer
| Double stranded, segmented, naked, icosahedral, rotavirus ( diarrhea) Coltivirus (colorado tick fever) |
question
| Picornoviruses |
answer
| smallest, rhinoviruses, enteroviruses |
question
| Polyomyelitis |
answer
| polio |
question
| Dengue fever |
answer
| caused by flaviviridae |
