Spread of Revolutions in Europe – Flashcards
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Universal Manhood Suffrage
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giving all adult men the right to vote
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Autonomy
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self- rule with in the Ottoman Empire
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Ultraroyalists
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nobels favoring a return to old order
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Recession
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A period of reduced economy activity
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Ideology
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systems of thought and belief
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Charter of French Liberties
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Louie XVIII restored to throne and created this - 2-house legislator - moderates press
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Nation-state (or nation)
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a region or country that shares a similar culture, language and/or government
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Nationalism
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Having pride and a since of belonging to a particular culture, language and or government
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Constitutional Monarch
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a ruler whose power is limited by law, shares power with Parliament
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July Ordinances
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edicts that Charles X issued; demolished the Charter, censored the press, reduced the electorate New Government: July ordinances - Suspends legislature - Limits the right to vote - Restricts press
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Les Trois Glorieuses
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the three glories days the revolt that made charles step doen from power
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Malaise
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A general felling of discomfort, a bad condition, like an illness
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Plebiscite
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vote of the people
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Coup d'etat
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a quick seize of power
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Conservatives and goles
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supporters of absolut power The goals of the conservative leaders were to regain the principle of legitimacy and restore social hierarchy.
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Liberals and goals
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supporters of the enlightenment Enlightenment ideas • Natural rights • Freedom of speech/ press/ religion • Fair and equal trial • Separation of power • ect.
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nationalist and goals
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Love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it The goals of nationalist was to unify people with a common national heritage
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How did the political goals of liberals differ from those of conservatives?
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Liberals wanted governments to be based on written constitutions and separation of powers, and Conservative ideas wanted to preserve traditional ways.
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Nationalists
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People who shared a common heritage set out to win their own states
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How did liberalism and nationalism challenge the old order?
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• the liberals and nationals ideas classed with conservatives, so groups of people brock off and and war brock off
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What could be done to bring people together in a nation?
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• Common language • Common territory • Common interest • Common belief • Compromise between people
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Johann Gottlieb Fichte
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True natural bounty, such as a common language, territory, interest, beliefs, and they need compromises between people. They will bind people together before the physical boarders of the nation. If the people of a different nation mingle with one another, it will create confutation and violence to stop the growth of a nation. He rejected the ideas of a monarchy and called them a deceptive vision because they rejected the natural order. He believed that the "manifestation of divinity" for it divided men among themselves due to their own personal strengths and qualities.
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J.V. Stalin
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He believed that a nation is a different community of people who may look different but still have the same beliefs. A nation cannot just be loosely held together they should not float from group to group. They must have a common language, territory and economic bind. to hold them all together. He rejected the idea of an Empire because a nation cannot survive less than one ruler without a common culture. He believed they should give up a little of themselves on order to keep the nation together.
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Congrace of Veina
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• Containment of France • 5 great powers got more land • Absolut monarchy put back into place
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After congrace of Veina
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• Liberal idea are still there because ideas don't just leave peoples heads • Liberals clashed with conservatives • Different ideologies caused turmoil • National feelings cause friction too • 1815 there were people with different beliefs in Europe • Wars break out
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Why was Europe plagued by revolts after 1815?
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there were people with different beliefs in Europe
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Metternich Responds to liberal Uprisings
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• The "Age of Metternich" - post-Napoleonic era (period of poetical and religious conservatism, opposition to liberalism and nationalism) • Becan in 1821 • Got help from western European nations - Briton, France, Russia, BFR
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Why did the Ottoman Empire decline?
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Ottoman Empire (1820's) • Nickname "stickman of Europe" • It starts to break apart • Mainly Islam but excepting other religion • Groups resist and want to form own nation (around 1821)
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Serbian Independance
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• Karageo from 1804-1813) • Guerilla warfare • Milos obrenouic led from (1815) • They had help from Russia
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Karageorge
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The Serb leader from 1804 to 1813 who led a guerrilla war against the Ottomans , Serbian leader; led unsuccessful guerrilla war against ottomans, which encouraged serbian identity and culture revival
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Milos Obrenovic
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In 1815, he led the Serbs in a second, more successful rebellion
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Greek Independence
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• Becan in 1821 • Got help from western European nations - Briton, France, Russia, BFR
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Why did the Serbs and Greeks revolt?
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They wanted to end the Ottoman Rule and rule themselves. Also they wanted to bring back their own culture ways to there everyday life.
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Revolution of 1830
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Clemens von Metternich
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supported conservatives to unify people and keep from state that the monarch is like a father "when paris sneezes Europe chatches a cold"
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France After Congrace of Viena
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• Louie XVIII restored to throne • Charter of French Liberties - 2-house legislator - moderates press • Ruled as a constitutional government • Liberal and national ideas continue to spread
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Revolt in France
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• Charles X wants an absolute monarchy - Help from Ultraroyalists • New Government: July ordinances - Suspends legislature - Limits the right to vote - Restricts press • Liberals riot on July 27, 1830 • Les Trois Glorieuses - After three days Charles steps down from power • Estimably dissolved - Elections held - Elected lerberalist
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How did the July Revolution bring changes in France's government?
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• New Government: July ordinances - Suspends legislature - Limits the right to vote - Restricts press
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Why were there uprisings in Spain and Portugal, and the Italian streets?
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They wanted a constitutional government.
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The "Citizen-King"
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• Louis Philippe accepts the through ("Citizon-King) • New constitutional government set up - Liberal politicians and professionals • Did not expand suffrage vary much
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How did revolution spread in 1830?
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When Paris started revolts it spread to the rest of Europe. Paris was a great influence on the other European nations.
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Revolution of 1848
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Beginning, cause
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• Discontent grew - People wanted explanation of suffrage • Recession heightened the discontent - People had nothing to lose and were ready to revolt
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February days
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• Protests began - People stormed streets - Blockades were formed - "La Marseillaise" was sung, a revolutionary song • Many people were killed • Louis Philippe abdicated • Vary emotional, people really cared • Second Republic formed - National workshops, there was a job for everyone
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June Days
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• Upper and middle class took control of government - Took away national workshops • Working class was vary poor, fights between them, lots of people killed, hatred between bourgeoisie and working class
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Louis Napoleon
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• Those who wanted to create order set up constitution with a one house legislator and a vote for a president by all men • Louis Napoleon won, Napoleons uncle • He then held a vote to become emperor 90 percent voted yes • Economy strengthened
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Spread of revolutions
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• French revolts inspired other European to have uprisings • They wanted conservative governments
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Belgium
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• Most successful • Cause- congress of Vienna united Austrian Netherlands (present day Belgium) and Holland, both under Dutch king • Both had different beliefs and teachings- not happy with arrangement • Herd of France revolution- started there own • Students/workers- put up barricades, in capital • King turned to European powers, the powers supported the independence (APR), and did not help king
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Poland
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• Revolt • RAP- divided Poland • Congress of Vienna then gave most of Poland to Russia • They did not get outside help and military crushed revolt
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More Rebellion
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• Lots of hope • "Springtime of the people"
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Source of discontent
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• Many people wanted change for long time • Political power, protection of rights, wanted things of a nation-state
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Metternich Fails
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• Revolt in Vienna • Metternich tried to stop students involved, because he did not want revolution • Workers supported students, Metternich resigned, fled in Disguise • Austrian empire promised reform • Other parts of empire wanted reforms - Budapest: Louis Kossuth led Hungarian nation to independent government, end of serfdom, written constitution - Prague: Czech similar reforms • Only temporary reforms, Austria soon made changes back
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Revolution in Italy
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• End Austrian Hapsburg domination of Italy • Wanted things like Constitutional Government, radical changes • Set up independent republics • Revolutionaries got rid of pope to install national government • Forces reacted and brought back pope
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Turmoil in German states
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• Economic struggles and famine • University students demanded national unity and liberal reforms • The brocks and burned things to prove there point • Prussia: forces king to agree to constitution, later all power is placed in hands of upper class
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Frankfurt Assembly
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• Where Germen delicates met • They wanted to make a constitution for Germany • Divided some thought republic others monarchy • Frederick William IV of Prussia offered crown of Germany • Rejected because offered from people not princes • Assembly threatened by Prussian military so it dissolved • Revote happened • Many people killed, impression or fled homeland
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Charles X
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After Louie XVIII • Charles X wants an absolute monarchy - Help from Ultraroyalists • New Government: July ordinances - Suspends legislature - Limits the right to vote - Restricts press • Liberals riot on July 27, 1830 • Les Trois Glorieuses - After three days Charles steps down from power
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Louis Philippe
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The "Citizen-King"
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Louis Napoleon
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• Those who wanted to create order set up constitution with a one house legislator and a vote for a president by all men • Louis Napoleon won, Napoleons uncle
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Why did revolutions occur in France in 1830 and 1848?
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1830: Charles X did not follow the Charter of French Liberties and added the July Ordinances, which led to Les Trois Glorieuses. 1848: The bourgeoisie thought that Louis XVII favored the upper class and did not keep his promises (especially with voting rights).
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What were the results of the 1848 revolutions?
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The people were un-satisfied with Louis- Philippe, so he abdicated and France declared itself a Republic.
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Why did most of the revolutions of 1848 fail to achieve their goals?
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The revolutions of 1848 failed to achieve their goals because of a lack of strong allies and support, weak military support of the rulers, and the division among the revolutionaries.
