question

Source

answer

Sender who creates the message

question

Encoding

answer

Process of converting thoughts into words

question

Decoding

answer

Audience interpreting the message

question

Feedback

answer

Audience's response to a message, can be conveyed both verbally and nonverbally

question

Message

answer

The content of the communication process; thoughts and ideas put into meaningful expressions, expressed verbally or nonverbally

question

Noise

answer

Any interference with the message

question

Shared Meaning

answer

Mutual understanding of a message between speaker and audience

question

Rhetorical Situation

answer

A circumstance calling for a public response

question

Audience Centered

answer

You keep the needs, values, attitudes, and wants of your listeners firmly in focus

question

Invention

answer

refers to discovering the types of evidence and arguments you will use to make your case

question

Arrangment

answer

organizing the speech in ways best suited to the topic and the audience

question

Style

answer

the way the speaker uses language to express the speech ideas

question

Memory

answer

the practice of speech until it can be delivered artfully

question

Delivery

answer

the vocal and nonverbal behavior you use when speaking

question

What factors are considered in audience analysis?

answer

Demographic characteristics such as ratio of males to females, age ranges, cultural background, and socioeconomic status

question

What are the three general purposes?

answer

To inform, persuade, or to mark a special occasion

question

What are the three main parts of a speech?

answer

Introduction, body, and conclusion

question

General Purpose

answer

to inform, persuade, or to mark a special occasion

question

Specific Purpose

answer

what you want the audience to learn or do as a result of your speech

question

What are the types/stages of public speaking anxiety (PSA)?

answer

Pre-preparation anxiety (you feel before you prepare for the speech, but you know you will be presenting one soon), preparation anxiety (you feel while preparing the speech), and pre-performance anxiety (anxiety you feel while rehearsing your speech)

question

What are the main strategies for reducing PSA?

answer

prepare and practice, modify thoughts and attitudes, and visualization

question

Visualization

answer

practice of summoning feelings and actions consistent with successful performance, a highly effective method of reducing speech anxiety

question

What are some tips and pointers for becoming a better listener?

answer

refrain from multitasking, work to overcome cultural barriers, minimize external and internal distractions, guard against scriptwriting and defensive listening, and beware of lazy and overconfident listening

question

Selective Perception

answer

people's perceptions are subject to their own biases and expectations, leading them to pay attention selectively to certain messages while ignoring others

question

Dialogic Communication

answer

the open sharing of ideas in an atmosphere of respect

question

Active Listening

answer

listening that is focused and purposeful, isn't possible under conditions that distract us

question

Listening Distraction

answer

anything that competes for the attention we are trying to give to something else

question

Defensive Listening

answer

people decide either that they won't like what the speaker is going to say or that they know better

question

What are the attitudes, values, and beliefs? What are the differences between them?

answer

Attitudes- our general evaluations of people, ideas, objects, or events Values- our most enduring judgements about what's good in life, as shaped by our culture and our unique experiences within it Beliefs- the ways in which people perceive reality

question

What pointers are given for adapting a speech to different kinds of listeners?

answer

Topic is new to listeners- start by showing why the topic is relevant to them. Relate the topic to familiar issues and ideas about which they already hold positive attitudes Listeners know relatively little about the topic- stick to the basics and include background information. Stay clear of jargon, and define unclear terms. Repeat important points, summarizing information often. Give good reasons for developing a positive attitude toward the topic

question

What demographic factors should be considered in audience analysis?

answer

Age, ethnic and cultural background, socioeconomic status, religious and political affiliations, gender, and group affiliations

question

What advice is given for adapting to cultural differences?

answer

an understanding of and sensitivity to the ethnic and cultural composition of your listeners are key factors in delivering a successful and ethical speech. Everyone will want to feel recognized

question

Captive Audience

answer

people who are required to hear the speaker and may be less positively disposed to the occasion

question

Voluntary Audience

answer

people who attend of their own free will

question

Demographics

answer

the statistical characteristic of a given population

question

Target Audience

answer

those individuals within the broader audience whom you are most likely to influence in the direction you seek

question

Gender Stereotyping

answer

making assumptions about members based on their presumed gender

question

What are some strategies for brainstorming?

answer

The method of spontaneously generating ideas through word association, topic mapping, or internet browsing using search engines and directories.

question

Thesis Statement

answer

also called central idea) is the theme of the speech stated as a single, declarative sentence.

question

What are the different types of examples, stories, and testimony? How is each speech useful in speech development?

answer

o Examples ♣ Brief example - offer a single illustration of a point. ♣ Extended example - offer multifaceted illustrations of the idea, item, or event being described, thereby allowing the speaker to create a more detailed picture for the audience. ♣ Hypothetical example - an example of what you believe the outcome will be. o Stories ♣ Stories or narrative - relatively short and simple descriptions of incidence worked into the speech, or longer accounts that constitute most of the presentation and even serve as the organizing framework for it. ♣ Anecdotes - brief stories of interesting and often humorous incidents based on real life. o Testimony ♣ Expert testimony - includes findings, eyewitness accounts, or opinions from professionals trained to evaluate a given topic. ♣ Lay testimony - testimony by nonexperts such as eyewitnesses, can reveal compelling firsthand information that may be unavailable to others.

question

What are the guidelines for presenting statistics ethically?

answer

Use only reliable statistics, present statistics in context, and avoid confusing statistics with "absolute truth."

question

Facts

answer

represent documented occurrences, including actual events, dates, times, people, and places.

question

Statistics

answer

quantified evidence that summarizes, compares, and predicts things.

question

Frequency

answer

a count of the number of times something occurs.

question

Mean

answer

the arithmetic average, sum of the scores divided by total numbers

question

Median

answer

the center-most score in a distribution or the point above and below which 50 percent of the scores fall.

question

Mode

answer

the most frequently occurring score in a distribution.

question

Cherry Picking

answer

selecting only those statistics that buttress their own arguments while ignoring completing the data.

question

What are the types of secondary sources?

answer

World of news, commentary, analysis, and scholarship found in books, articles, and a myriad of sources other than the original. Wikipedia, blogs and social news sites.

question

What are the types of primary sources?

answer

Provide firsthand accounts or direct evidence of events, objects, or people. Digital collections, personal knowledge and experience, conduct interviews.

question

What guidelines and pointers are recommended for conducting interviews?

answer

o Begin by learning about the person you will be interviewing. Prepare questions for the interview in advanced. Avoid vague questions, avoid leading questions, and focus on asking neutral questions. o Establish a spirit of collaborations at the start. o Use active listening strategies. o End the interview by rechecking and confirming information.

question

What four factors should be considered when evaluating a source?

answer

Information, propaganda, misinformation, and disinformation.

question

Primary source

answer

provide firsthand accounts or direct evidence of events, objects or people.

question

Secondary Source

answer

provides analysis or commentary about things not directly observed or created.

question

What guidelines are given for establishing a source's trustworthiness in an oral citation?

answer

o Source credibility - our level of trust in a source's credentials and track record for providing accurate information. o Credible sources aren't always accurate, so it is good to have a wide variety of sources to support a major point.

question

What tips are given for knowing what details to include in an oral citation, and for improving the flow of your oral citations?

answer

Avoid mechanical delivery, vary the wording, and vary the order.

question

Oral Citation

answer

credits the source of speech material that is derived from other people's ideas

question

Source Qualifier

answer

a brief description within your oral citation of the source's qualifications

question

How many points are suggested for a classroom speech?

answer

Between 2 and 5 main points

question

What are the supporting points and how should they be used?

answer

Organize the evidence you have gathered to explain or justify the main points. They should appear in subordinate position to the main points. They should be arranged in order of their importance or relevance to the main point.

question

What is the principle of balance and how should this principle guide speech development?

answer

Appropriate emphasis or weight should be given to each part of the speech relative to the other parts and to the theme. The introduction and conclusion should be relatively the same length the body should always be the longest.

question

Supporting Points

answer

organize the evidence you have gathered to explain or justify the main points

question

Coordination

answer

given equal weight and are indicated by their parallel alignment

question

Subordination

answer

relatively less weight, are indicated by their indentation below the more important points

question

Unity

answer

the entire speech connects together

question

Coherence

answer

organized clearly and logically, using the principles of coordination and subordination to align speech points in order of importance

question

Transitions

answer

are words, phrases, or sentences that tic the speech ideas together and enable the listener to follow the speaker as he or she moves from one point to the next

question

Full-sentence Transitions

answer

using a full sentence to move from one main point to another

question

Rhetorical Question

answer

asking a question without expecting an answer

question

Preview Statement

answer

previewing the audience of the main points you will be talking about in the body of your speech. Usually the last sentence of your introduction

question

Internal Preview

answer

signals a shift from one main point or idea to another

question

What are blended organizational patterns?

answer

The pattern of your organization for your subpoints can differ from the pattern you select for your main points.

question

Topical Pattern

answer

each of the main points are a subtopic or category of the speech topic

question

Chronological Patter

answer

follows the natural sequential order of the topic under consideration

question

Spatial Pattern

answer

the main points are arranged in order of their physical proximity or direction relative to one another

question

Causal Pattern

answer

cause and effect

question

Problem-solution Pattern

answer

organizes main points to demonstrate the nature and significance of a problem followed by a good proposed solution

question

What key objectives should be met in a speech introduction?

answer

o Arouse the audience's attention and willingness to listen. o Introduce the topic and purpose. o Establish your credibility to speak on the topic. o Preview the main points. o Motivate the audience to accept your speech goals.

question

What are the suggested strategies for gaining audience attention?

answer

o Tell a story. o Establish common ground. o Pose a provocative question o Use humor o Use a quotation

question

What key objectives should be met in a speech conclusion?

answer

o Signal that the speech is coming to an end and provide closure o Summarize the key points o Reiterate the thesis or central idea of the speech o Remind the audience to remember and possibly act upon your ideas o End the speech memorably

question

Call to Action

answer

the speaker challenges the listener to act in a response to the speech, see the problem in a new way

question

What advice is given for achieving a natural and enthusiastic quality to delivery?

answer

Strive for naturalness, show enthusiasm, project a sense of confidence, and be direct.

question

What are the four main methods of delivery? What are their characteristics? How are they different?

answer

o Speaking from a manuscript - you read the speech verbally from a prepared written text that contains the entire speech word for word. o Speaking from memory - you put the entire speech, word for word, into writing and then commit it to memory. o Speaking impromptu - a type of delivery that is unpracticed, spontaneous, or improvised. o Speaking extremporaneously - instead of memorizing or writing the speech word for word, you speak from an outline of key words and phrases that isolates the main ideas that you want to communicate.

question

What factors contribute to volume?

answer

size of the room and the size of the audience, whether or not you use a microphone, the level of the background noise

question

What is vocal variety?

answer

volume, pitch, speaking rate, and pauses all working together

question

Volume

answer

relative loudness of a speaker's voice while delivering a speech

question

Pitch

answer

range of sounds from high to low or vice versa

question

Intonation

answer

the rising and falling of a sound across phrases and sentences

question

Speaking Rate

answer

the pace at which you convey speech

question

Pauses

answer

provides a type of punctuation, emphasizing a point, drawing attention to a thought, or just allowing listeners a moment to contemplate what is being said

question

Pronunciation

answer

the correct formation of word sounds

question

Articulation

answer

the clarity or forcefulness with which the sounds are made, regardless of whether they are pronounced correctly

question

Mumbling

answer

slurring words together at a low level of volume and pitch so that they are barely audible

question

Lazy Speech

answer

saying words lazily such as "fer" instead of "for"

question

Dialect

answer

preferred pronunciation and articulation of language

question

What advice is given for animating facial expressions?

answer

Smile - shows a sign of mutual welcome at the start of a speech, of mutual comfort and interest during the speech, and of mutual goodwill at the close of a speech.

question

What advice is given for maintaining eye contact?

answer

Scanning - moving your gaze from one listener to another and from one section to another, pausing to gaze at one person long enough to complete one thought. Be certain to give each section of the room equal attention.

question

What advice is given for gesturing naturally?

answer

they should arise from genuine emotions and should conform to your personality.

question

What advice is given for creating a feeling of immediacy?

answer

Use an enthusiastic vocal delivery, make frequent eye contact, animate your facial expressions, and use natural body movements.

question

Body Language

answer

facial expressions, eye behavior, gestures, and general body movements during the delivery of the speech

question

Nonverbal Communication

answer

body movements, physical appearance, and qualities of voice

question

Scanning

answer

moving your gaze from one listener to another and from one section to another, pausing to gaze at one person long enough to complete one though. Be certain to give each section of the room equal attention

question

Nonverbal Immediacy

answer

giving the perception of physical and psychological closeness

question

Talking Head

answer

remaining steadily positioned in one place behind a microphone or a podium, so even in formal situations, use natural body movements

question

What are the different types of presentation aids?

answer

Props and models, pictures, graphs, charts, tables, audio, video, and multimedia.

question

What advice is given for using handouts?

answer

Either pass the handout before or after the speech, so the audience doesn't get distracted by the handout process while you are trying to present your speech.

question

Prop

answer

any object, inanimate or even live, that helps demonstrate the speaker's points

question

Model

answer

a three dimensional, scale to size representation of an object

question

Graph

answer

represents relationships among two or more things

question

Chart

answer

visually organizes complex information into compact form

question

Tables

answer

systematically groups data in a column form, allowing viewers to examine and make comparisons about information quickly

question

Audio

answer

short recording of sound, music, or speech

question

Video

answer

Clips from movies, television, and other recordings

question

Multimedia

answer

combines stills, sounds, video, text, and data into a single production, requires a familiarity with presentation software programs

question

What guidelines are given for simplicity in design?

answer

o Six-by-six rule - use no more than six words in a line and six line on one slide. o Word text in active verb form - use the active voice and parallel grammatical structure. o Avoid clutter - allow plenty of white space or visual breathing room. o Create concise titles

question

What guidelines are given for selecting typeface and fonts?

answer

o Check the lettering for legibility, taking into consideration the audience's distance from it. o Lettering should stand apart from the background. o Use a typeface that is simple and easy to read, not distracting. o Use standard upper- and lowercase type rather than all capitals. o As a rule, use no more than two different typefaces in a single visual aid. o Use boldface, underlining, or italics sparingly.

question

What guidelines are given for using color?

answer

o Keep the background color constant across all slides or other aids. o Use bold, bright colors to emphasize important points. o For typeface and graphics, use colors that contrast rather than clash with or blend into the background color, check for visibility when projecting.

question

Chart Junk

answer

slides jammed with too many graphs, charts, and meaningless design elements that obscure rather than illuminate information

question

Typeface

answer

a specific style of lettering that comes in variety of fonts or sets of sizes

question

Serif Font

answer

include small flourishes, or strokes, at the tops and bottoms of each letter

question

Sans Serif Font

answer

more blocklike and linear; they are designed without these tiny strokes

question

What general recommendations are given for using slides effectively?

answer

o Don't let the technology get in the way of relating to your audience. o Talk to your audience rather than the screen. o Maintain eye contact as much as possible. o Have a backup plan in case of technical errors. o If you use a pointer, turn it off and put it down as soon as you have made your point. o Incorporate the aids into your practice sessions until you are confident that they strengthen, rather than detract from, your core message.

question

What are the key objectives of informative speaking?

answer

To increase the audience's knowledge and deepen their understanding of some phenomenon.

question

What are the different varieties of subject matter for informative speeches?

answer

People, current or historical events, concepts, issues, processes, or objects or phenomena.

question

What are the four ways of communicating information and their characteristics?

answer

o Definition - identifying its essential qualities and meaning. o Description - using concrete words and vivid imagery to help listeners visualize your depictions. o Demonstrations - verbally demonstrating the steps involved in what you are talking about. o Explanation - providing reasons or causes, demonstrating relationships, and offering interpretation and analysis.

question

What are the different types of learners and what advice is given for communicating with each?

answer

o Visual - most easily grasp ideas through pictures, diagrams, charts, graphs, flowcharts, and maps. o Aural - most easily grasp ideas communicated through the spoken word. o Read/Write - most easily grasp ideas communicated through text-based delivery, handouts, powerpoints with text based slides. o Kinesthetic - most easily grasp ideas communicated through real-life demonstrations, simulations, and movies, and through hands-on applications.

question

Informative Speaking

answer

to increase the audience's knowledge and deepen their understanding of some phenomenon

question

Definition by Negation

answer

defining something by describing it by what it is not

question

Definition by Example

answer

defining something by providing several concrete examples

question

Definition by Synonym

answer

defining something by comparing it to something synonymous

question

Definition by Word Origin

answer

defining something by illustrating its root meaning

question

Learning Styles

answer

preferred ways of processing information

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