SPC2608 – Flashcard
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As a Sophist, Gorgias believed that truth was often relative to circumstances and depended upon kairos. What is kairos?
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Kairos represents a speaker's ability to take advantage of the right moment or opportune timing to make a convincing argument
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Why was Aristotle so critical of delivery, which can be defined as the means used to perform a speech live before an audience?
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Because a pleasant sound and appearance often trumps the substance of the reader's message
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Which word best describes the art of eloquence, or the use of words to inspire others?
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Magical
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When it comes to the speech classroom as an environment for public speaking, which of the following adjectives best describes an audience's attitude towards student public speakers?
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Supportive
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Why do many students approach their first public speaking course with a certain degree of resistance and/or hostility?
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They are fearful of giving speeches in public
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What was the Socratic method, and what purpose did it serve?
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Developed by the classical Greek philosopher Socrates, the Socratic method utilized a sequence of questions to illuminate ideas and expose truth and bias
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Why were the Platonic Socrates and Aristotle suspicious of orators in their day?
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They were suspicious of seductive "figures of speech" that would prevent audiences from carefully dissecting public arguments
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Which Ancient Greek philosopher and rhetorician was responsible for naming the three types of appeals or proofs—ethos, logos, and pathos—that public speakers should use to craft ethical and effective persuasive speeches?
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Aristotle
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True or False: The reference to Adolf Hitler's autobiography Mein Kampf was used to illustrate the point that the 'magical' properties of public speech will, in the end, always be used to support good and just causes.
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False
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Which of the following best represents the stance the author takes towards addressing the classical Greek roots of public speaking within the new context of a digital age?
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Re-energizing the past and the digital present by understanding what they can teach each other
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This is perhaps the most important way to manage your anxiety about giving a public speech:
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Practice your speech several times, preferably in the same room which you'll be delivering your speech, and/or infront of a small audience
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Our adrenaline tends to accelerate different bodily processes before we get up to give a speech, including our heart rate, muscle tension, and our rate of speech. As a result, what is the best thing we can do to manage our body's stress in such circumstances?
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Deliberately slow down- not just your rate of speech during your presentation- but try and self consciously slow down every aspect of your daily routine on the day of a speech
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True or False: "State apprehension" is defined as a fear of speaking brought about by a unique set of speaking circumstances such as speaking off the cuff before a large audience of experts in an unfamiliar setting.
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False
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What point was the author trying to illustrate with his example of former basketball great Bill Russell's habit of pre-game vomiting before important games?
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Even the best performers experience severe anxiety
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True or False: "Trait apprehension" is defined as a fear of speaking brought about by a unique set of speaking circumstances such as speaking off the cuff before a large audience of experts in an unfamiliar setting.
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False
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Which of the following did researcher Helen Lie identify as effective techniques that successful speakers intentionally used to practice for their speeches?
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-If possible, record and analyze your practice sessions -Identify clearly defined speaking goals for each practice session -If possible, practice your speech in the same room in which you will be delivering the speech for real -Repeat your practice session until you get it right
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One way to avoid slipping into a "robotic spell" when delivering your speech is to involve your audience by posing strategic questions to them within your speech. Why is this important?
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Assuming we give our audience time to contemplate and/or answer our question(s) directly, asking questions forces us to be present in the moment rather than racing through our speech
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What are some of the elements of your classroom public speaking environment that should function to alleviate "state apprehension"?
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-you will have some flexibility to select most if not all of your speech topics -You will be speaking in relatively small and familiar classrooms where the acoustics are good -Your teacher will work with you to help you succeed as a public speaker -Your audience will be eager to see you succeed
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What point was the author trying to illustrate about public speaking with his example of American figure skater Michelle Kwan's habit of repeating the word "ooze" to herself during choreography sessions?
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By thinking of a word or phrase that concentrates the body and mind, Kwan- and by extension public speakers- can enhance a sense of self-awareness that can be so instrumental to performative excellence
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A specific purpose statement...
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is what you hope to accomplish in the speech
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Which of the following is a potential source for generating a speech topic?
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-academic major -Current events -Work -Personal passions
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Taboo topics usually ...
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Rely on generalizations about groups of people
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A Venn Diagram was used in this chapter to demonstrate which of the following?
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The "football" shaped area in the middle of the diagram-where your interests and that of your audience overlap- is the "go spot" for topics
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According to Aristotle, ethos refers to both your ____ and ___
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Expertise and character
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Taking into account the unique dynamics or our audience when crafting speeches is to be _______.
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Audience centered
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True or False: "To inform my audience about the Mountain Pine Beetle" is a good Specific Purpose statement.
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False
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According to our author, which of the following is the 'best' phrased specific purpose?
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To persuade my audience to donate blood at the next campus blood drive
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Aristotle called ______ the "controlling factor" in compelling speechmaking.
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Ethos
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Introductions should..
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-Advertise our credibility -preview our main points -skillfully transition to the first main point -get the audience's attention
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Rhetorical theorist Walter R. Fisher's claim that we are homo sapiens and also homo narrans best indicates which of the following?
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Hardwired to tell stories
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Aristotle's moment of dramatic release was called a ________.
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Catharsis
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The psychological theory of primacy-recency suggests which of the following?
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We are more likely to remember the first and last items conveyed orally in a series than what comes in between
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A dialogic approach to beginnings means that we should ...
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Engage our audience with direct questions
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True or False: Ted should have informed his speech teacher about his plans with the razor blade.
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True
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When it comes to closing an informative speech versus a persuasive, our author makes a distinction: which of the following is NOT included in the closing of an informative speech, but is an essential component of a persuasive speech?
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A call to action
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True or False: Concluding a speech by returning to the introduction is often a great way to end.
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False
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When it comes to establishing our own credibility in a speech, our author suggests we should be _______.
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direct
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The problem-solution design is most useful for ...
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Persuasive Speeches
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A statement or question that has nothing to do with the subject matter at hand is what the Romans called _______, which literally translates to 'does not follow.'
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Non-sequitur
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Organization is really the study of ...
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-What should follow what -How to proceed logically -How to flow from one topic to the next
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According to our author, which of the following is the best way to settle on an organizational pattern for your speech?
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Allow the purpose to determine the pattern
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Of the organizational speech patterns discussed by our author, which pattern is premised on time—usually a movement from early to late, or beginning to ending, or that can also relate to things involving a process?
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Chronological
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Connectives, words and phrases used in public speaking to help our listeners "navigate" our speeches, include which of the following?
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-Signposts -Internal previews and reviews -Transitions
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Monroe's Motivated Sequence, a version of the problem-solution organizational pattern, includes which of the of following five distinct steps?
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Attention Need Satisfaction Visualization Action
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The infamous "Twinkie Defense" refers to ...
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Bad causal logic
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If we show movement in a speech based on direction, we are engaged in _____.
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Spatial design
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A topical organization approach refers to ...
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Subdividing a whole into smaller parts
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Situational audience analysis refers to ...
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-Our physical environment where we speak -The acoustics of the room and the noises outside -The time of day when we speak
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Demographic audience analysis refers to ...
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-The age and race of the audience -The education and religion of the audience -The economic and occupational background of the audience
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Our author uses the example of eulogizing his grandmother to demonstrate which of the following?
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-We must consider the setting in which a speech will be delivered so we can craft messages appropriate to the environment and occasion -Age matters to all manner of public speaking and settings -The expectations of our audience, often borne out of tradition, are important and should be considered in our speechmaking
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Of the three general types of survey questions: the fixed-alternative question; the scaled question; or the open-ended question, which offers a range of possible answers?
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The scaled question
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Aristotle was a believer in the Middle Way, which refers to his concept of _____.
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The golden mean
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True or False: Our author asserts our very multicultural world has rendered a lot of traditional audience analysis categorizing and generalizing as quaint and out-of-date, perhaps even dangerously misleading.
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True
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Nonverbal communication is ...
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How we convey our message through our use of face, voice and body
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When it comes to our audience, our author highlights all of the following as important factors to consider EXCEPT _______.
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Taste
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Plato attempted to connect or pair ...
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Types of souls with types of speeches
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The nonverbal cue of _______ refers to the way in which we use space and distance to communicate.
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Proxemics
