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Traditional - based on customs. Rational - legal regulations Charismatic authority - outstanding and influential conversational qualities

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Examples and types of authority.

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violence

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Berger suggests that ________ is the ultimate foundation of any political state.

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Direct - voters express opinions Indirect/Representative - voters choose representatives to speak for them

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Types of democracy

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Power is divided among many special interest groups, so that it is difficult for one group to dominate

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Pluralism

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Corporate, political, and military collaboration to push a certain agenda

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Power elite

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1. Antagonistic situations, disagreement and conflict 2. Cultural traditions 3. Antagonistic fuel

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The three conditions identified by Nicholas Timasheff that is essential to incite war

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When surplus was generated through division and labor

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The first noticeable conditions of social inequality occurred in human societies when:

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Laissez - Faire Capitalism: No govt. interference Welfare/state capitalism: economic/business laws

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Forms of capitalism

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Karl Marx

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The theorist who contended that an item's value is based on the work that has gone into it, and the only way that a profit can be made is to pay workers less than the value of their work was:

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Do not respect individuals rights, controls other people's lives, and gives everyone an equal chance to be poor.

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The primary criticisms of socialism and capitalism:

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The way people trace kinship over generations.

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Systems of descent

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Facilitates the socialization of children as it avoids role confusion.

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Functionalists argue that the incest taboo is a nearly universal norm because it:

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Women working a full time job and performing domestic duties.

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Second shift

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The tendency for people to marry individuals with similar characteristics.

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Marital homogamy

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60 and 3.5

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There are approximately __ million married couples in the US, of which __ million are mixed marriages.

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When there are fewer unmarried men than there are unmarried women.

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Marriage squeeze

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Finances.

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The primary source of strain in the typical one-parent family is

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More likely to stay together than divorce.

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Sociologists Blumstein and Schwartz found that same-sex couples faced the same problems that heterosexual couples did but they were:

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Initially, a divorced father maintains high contact with his children

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Serial fatherhood

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More wives than husbands require medical attention

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When it comes to injuries occurred during battering:

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A society where job eligibility based off qualifications

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Credential society

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Manifest - learning and creating knowledge Latent - child care services for guardians, integration, gate-keeping, tracking

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Manifest and latent functions of the American education system

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inequality

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According to conflict theorists, the hidden curriculum perpetuates __________.

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the perpetuation of hidden inequalities

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Durkheim referred to any group of people united by their religious practices as

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praying and church-going

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Rituals

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A unified picture of the world and universe

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Cosmology

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Karl Marxq

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The phrase, "Religion is the sigh of the oppressed...the opium of the people," can be credited to

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self-denying approach to religion

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Protestant ethic

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People tend to attend churches of the same race.

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Sunday morning between ten and eleven has been called "the most segregated hour in the United States." The reason for this segregation is:

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Argues that poor nations remain poor because they hold onto traditional beliefs and values

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Modernization

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WWII

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Geopolitics is the realignment of national-regional powers that occurred after:

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dealing with worldwide ethnic conflicts

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An important threat to global control by the G8, the group of nations that decide world policy, is the:

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Multilinear - attempt to solve the inevitably "superior culture" conclusion Unilinear - The path must be the same for every society

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Multilinear and unlinlinear evolutionary theories of societies

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Peak, decline, and die.

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According to historian Arnold Toynbee, all civilizations

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dialectical process

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According to Marx, human history shows that struggle develops between the thesis and its antithesis, leading to a synthesis. Marx called this

question

Communication, gather information, and travel.

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All societies use technology, but the chief characteristic of postmodern societies is technology that increases our ability to:

question

cultural issues and crises.

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Sociologist Mayer Zald suggests that during some periods of time there are very few social movements in a society and, at other times, a wave of social movements will emerge. He suggests that the number of social movements increases:

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Revolutionary - most drastic Revisionary - seeks limited or partial change Conservative - maintain the status quo of traditional values Reactionary -

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Different types of social movements

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Increased acidity in rainfall due to industrialized societies

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Acid rain

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An increase in the earth's temperature

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Global warming

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Pose a threat to multi-national oil companies.

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According to the text, there is no energy shortage now or will there ever be as fossil fuels are not the only source of energy available. Conflict theorists argue that these abundant alternative energy sources are not used because they:

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The division among large numbers of people related to their property, power, and prestige.

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Social stratification

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These individuals did the work, freeing up citizens to engage in the arts and politics.

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Slavery in ancient Greece and Rome

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The sabotaging of people who are thought to be legally harming the environment

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Eosabotage

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Bourgeoisie attempt to preserve capitalism with false consciousness. Proletariat and bourgeoisie class conflict would lead to capitalism's downfall.

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Social class according to Marx

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Marxist theory detailing an individual's inability to see social issues.

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False consciousness

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wealth, prestige, and power

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Social class according to Weber

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Elites utilized threat of force to control information; in democracies, they manipulate the media with the same agenda in mind.

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In democracies, the ruling elite use two methods to control information. These two methods include:

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An uneven distribution of privileges, material rewards, power, and prestige.

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Global stratification

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Industrialized, capitalist countries with high production

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Core nations

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Most capitalism, industrialized countries

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Semiperiphery nations

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Less developed countries

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Periphery nations

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Left out of the development of capitalism.

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External areas

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The wealthy 1% and their control over wealth and political power.

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The power elite defined

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Suggests that some people occupy more than one class.

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Erik Wright's revision of Marx's concept of social classes

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upper-middle class

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The social class most shaped by education is the:

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intergenerational mobility

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The upward or downward movement in social class by family members from one generation to the next describes ________ mobility.

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20%

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The working poor and underclass together account for approx. ___ of the US population.

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categorized peoples based off shared characteristics

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The meaning of race

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construction and maintaining of ethnic identity

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Ethnic work

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The attitude and the behavior.

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Prejudice and discrimination

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The separation of people based off race, religion, and class.

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Segregation

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Dominant group exploitation of minorities for economic advantage.

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Internal colonialism

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Gradual process when a person adopts the practices of another culture.

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Assimilation

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Mass killing of people.

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Genocide

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When the minority is absorbed into the majority by force. Conformity.

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Forced assimilation

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Mexico

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The greatest number of Latinos in the US trace their heritage to:

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social class

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William Julius Wilson argues that _____ _____ has become the most significant factor in the lives of Af-Ams in today's US society.

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GMC

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In the video, who was the main auto manufacturer profiled?

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Standards by which people believe are desirable or needed.

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Values

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Norms that are enforced because they are thought to be core values.

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Mores

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Prohibited or restricted by social customs.

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Taboos

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Positive - Negative -

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Sanctions

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Bodily communication.

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Gestures

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Culture within a culture, yet distinguishes it's differences.

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Subculture

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A culture that opposes another culture.

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Counter-culture

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A number of people are disconnected with society and live a formally administered, structured, life.

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Total institutions

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Established patterns of rule-governed behaviors.

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Social institutions

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behaviors and privileges attached to status.

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Role

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Smaller group of people within a larger group.

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Cliques

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Groups designed to be compared to another.

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Reference groups

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Inevitable rule by an elite.

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The iron law of oligarchy

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Hierarchy of authority and a clear division of labor

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Bureaucracies

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C. Wright Mills - hardships of workers of the past replaced by a psychological malaise.

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Bureaucratic alienation

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Early sociologist who hid her "masculine" writings. Published "Society in America", which reported on the new nation's customs.

answer

Harriet Martineau

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Successful advocate of combining sociology with social reform. Founded the Hull House and the only sociologist to win the Nobel Prize.

answer

Jane Addams

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Af-Am civil rights activist and author.

answer

DuBois

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Founder of Pragmatism, and pioneered the development of the symbolic interaction perspective. A founder of social psychology.

answer

George Mead

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Highly influential sociologist whom laid the foundation for what was to become modern functionalism. Developed action theory; a general theory for the study of society.

answer

Talcott Parsons

question

The Looking Glass-Self developer. Emphasizes primary and secondary relationship development.

answer

Charlie Cooley

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This man believed class conflict would cause social change.

answer

Karl Marx

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Coined the term sociology. Focused on social principles and applying them to reformations. Based his theories from his own observations.

answer

Auguste Comte

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This sociologist developed the theory of social Darwinism. "Survival of the fittest" for societal evolution (the smartest, most capable humans would thrive).

answer

Herbert Spencer

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Imitation - Play - Games -

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Mead's theory of role-taking

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This man used cross-cultural and historical info to trace social change. Coined the term "protestant ethic," which means financial success implies God is with an individual.

answer

Max Weber

question

Personality that is unconscious and includes instinctive behaviors.

answer

Id (Freud)

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