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Primary Sex Characteristics

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genitals, organs of reproduction

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Secondary Sex Characteristics

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body development, aside from genitals, that differentiates biologically mature females and males

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Intersexuality

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persons born with sexual anatomy, reproductive organs, and/or chromosome patterns that do no fit the typical definition of male and female

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Transexual (Transgender)

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appearing or behaving in ways that challenge conventional cultural norms concerning how females and males should look and act

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Cissexual

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denoting or relating to a person whose self-identity conforms with the gender that corresponds to their biological sex

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Sexual Orientation

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persons romantic and emotional attraction to another person

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Economy

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the social institution that organizes a society's production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services

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Primary Economic Sector

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part of the economy that draws raw materials from the natural environment

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Secondary Economic Sector

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part of the economy that transforms raw materials into manufactured goods

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Tertiary Economic Sector

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part of the economy that involves services rather than goods

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Capitalism

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economic system in which natural resources and the means of producing goods and services are privately owned

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Socialism

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economic system in which natural resources and the means of producing goods and services are collectively owned

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Communism

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a hypothetical economic and political system in which all members of a society are socially equal

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Welfare Capitalism

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economic and political system that combines a mostly market-based economy with extensive social welfare programs

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State Capitalism

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economic and political system in which companies are privately owned but cooperate closely with the government

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Primary Labor Markets

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jobs that provide extensive benefits to workers

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Labor Unions

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organizations of workers that seek to improve wages and working conditions through various strategies, including negotiations and strikes

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Secondary Labor Markets

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jobs that provide minimal benefits to workers

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Collective Bargaining

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negotiation of wages and other conditions of employment by an organized body of employees.

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Underground Economy

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economic activity involving income not reported to the government as required by law

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Monopoly

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domination of a market by a single producer

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Oligopoly

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domination of a market by a few producers

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Power

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ability to achieve desired ends despite resistance from others

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Authority

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power that people perceive as legitimate rather than coercive

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Traditional

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power legitimized by respect for long-established cultural patterns

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Charismatic

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power legitimized by extraordinary personal abilities that inspire devotion and obedience

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Rational-Legal

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power legitimized by legally enacted rules and regulations

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Social Change

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transformation of culture and social institutions over time

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Four (4) Characteristics of Social Change

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1. change happens all the time 2. change is sometimes intentional but often it is unplanned 3. change is controversial 4. some changes matter more than others

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Mechanical Solidarity

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social bonds based on common sentiments and shared moral values. This type of social solidarity is typical of traditional, rural life.

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Organic Solidarity

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social bonds based on specialization and interdependence. This type of social solidarity is typical of modern, urban life.

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Gemeinschaft

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A type of social organization in which people are closely tied by kinship and tradition.

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Gesellchaft

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A type of social organization in which people come together only on the basis of individual self-interest.

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Urbanization

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The concentration of population into cities.

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Metropolis/Metropolitan Area

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A large city that socially and economically dominates an urban area.

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Megalopolis

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A vast urban region containing a number of cities and their surrounding suburbs.

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Suburbs/Suburbanization

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Urban areas beyond the political boundaries of a city.

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Durkheim's Understanding of the Division of Labor

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specialized economic activity. Every member of a traditional society performs more or less the same daily round of activities; modern societies function by having people perform highly specific jobs.

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Sprawl

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Development of new housing sites at relatively low density and at locations that are not contiguous to the existing built-up area.

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Gentrification

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A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class owner-occupied area

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Urban Ecology

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The study of the link between the physical and social dimensions of cities.

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Globalization

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Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope

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what draws people to living in cities

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1. George Simmel's Early 20th Century Ideas 2. Richard Florida's Late 20th Century Ideas

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Collective Behavior

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Activity involving a large number of people that is unplanned, often controversial, and sometimes dangerous.

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Primary Characteristics of Collective Behavior

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Diverse Variable Transitory

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Groups vs Collectivities

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Groups Collective - A large number of people whose minimal interaction occurs in the absence of well-defined and conventional norms.

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Social Movements

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an organized activity that encourages or discourages social change

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Stages in Social Movements

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1. Emergence 2. Coalescence 3. Bureaucratization 4. Decline (Including 5. Reasons for Decline)

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Emergence

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Defining the public issue

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Coalescence

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Entering the public arena

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Bureaucratization

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Becoming formally organized

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Decline

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Due to failure or, sometimes, success

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Social Change Movements

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1. Reformative Social Movements 2. Revolutionary Social Movements

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Reformative Social Movements

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Seeks limited change in the whole society. (Example: the environmental movement)

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Revolutionary Social Movements

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Seeks radical change in the whole society. (Example: the Communist party)

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Personal Transformation Movements

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1. Alternative Social Movements 2. Redemptive Social Movements

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Alternative Social Movements

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Seeks limited change in specific individuals. (Example: Promise Keepers)

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Redemptive Social Movements

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Seeks radical change in specific individuals. (Example: Alcoholics Anonymous)

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Theories of Social Movements

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1. Deprivation Theory 2. Mass Society Theory 3. Culture Theory 4. Resource Mobilization Theory 5. Structural-Strain Theory 6. Political Economy Theory 7. New Social Movements

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Deprivation Theory (7 theories)

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1. Deprivation Theory 2. Mass Society Theory 3. Culture Theory 4. Resource Mobilization Theory 5. Structural-Strain Theory 6. Political Economy Theory 7. New Social Movements

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Deprivation Theory (definition)

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Social movements arise among people who feel deprived of something, such as income, safe working conditions, or political rights.

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Mass Society Theory

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Social movements attract socially isolated people who join a movement in order to gain a sense of identity and purpose.

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Culture Theory

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Social movements depend not only on money and resources but also on cultural symbols that motivate people.

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Resource Mobilization Theory

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Success of a social movement is linked to available resources, including money, labor, and the mass media.

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Structural-Strain Theroy

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A social movement develops as the result of six factors. Clearly stated grievances encourage the formation of social movements; undirected anger, by contrast, promotes rioting.

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Political Economy Theory

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Social movements arise within capitalist societies that fail to meet the needs of a majority of people.

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New Social Movements

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Social movements in postindustrial societies are typically international in scope and focus on quality-of-life issues.

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Theories of Growth

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1. Park and Burgess' Concentric Zone 2. Hoyt's Sector Model 3. Harris and Ullman's Multicentered Model

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Park and Burgess' Concentric Zone

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Model where city centers are business districts bordered by a ring of factories, followed by residential rings with housing that becomes more expensive the farther it is from the noise and pollution of the city's center.

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Hoyt's Sector Model

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Model where distinctive districts sometimes form wedge-shaped sectors.

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Harris and Ullman's Multicentered Model

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argued that cities do not grow a single nucleus but several separate nuclei

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Theoretical Perspectives on Collective Behavior

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1. Contagion Theory 2. Convergence Theory 3. Emergent Norm Theory

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Contagion Theory

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Views crowds as anonymous, suggestible, and swayed by rising emotions.

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Convergence Theory

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States that crowd behavior reflects the desires people bring to them.

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Emergent Norm Theory

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Suggests that crowds develop their own behavior as events unfold.

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Urban Social Problems

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1. Concentrated Poverty 2. Racial Residential Segregation 3. Spatial Mismatch

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Concentrated Poverty

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refers to areas in which very high proportions of the populations live in poverty

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Racial Residential Segregation

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Refers to the physical separation of the races in residential contexts.

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Spatial Mismatch

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the mismatch between where low-income households reside and where suitable job opportunities are available.

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Theories of Global Change and Inequality

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1. Modernization Theory 2. Dependency Theory 3. World Systems Theory

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Modernization Theory

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claims that in the past, the entire world was poor and that technological change, especially the Industrial Revolution, enhanced human productivity and raised living standards in many nations.

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Dependency Theory

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a model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor nations by rich ones

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