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Feminization of Poverty

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The economic trend showing that woman are more likely than men to live in poverty, caused in a part by the grouped gap wages, the higher proportion of single mothers compared to single fathers, and the increasing costs of child care

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Robert Bellah

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American sociologist who is internationally known for his work related to the sociology of religion

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Robert Bellah

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Believes that bonds based on shared interests don't create real community

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Karl Marx: Views on Alienation

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Workers were alienated in four ways: From the product of their labor, from their own productive activity, from fellow workers, and from human nature

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Karl Marx: Views on Alienation

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Believed that workers in capitalist societies experienced alienation as a result of this system of production, because they paid for their labor but do not own the things they produce

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Interracial Marriage: Was it once illegal?

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Yes, marriage between people of different racial, ethnic, or national backgrounds has been prohibited for most of history of the U.S.

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Homogamy

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The tendency to choose romantic partners who are similar to us in terms of class, race, religion, education, or other social group membership

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Homogamy

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Dating websites that emphasize marrying someone of the same religion are used by people who desire this

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Magic Bullet Theory

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Or Hypodermic Needle Theory, explain the effects of media as if their contents are simply entered directly into the consumer, who is powerless to resist their influence

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Magic Bullet Theory

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Reflects the idea that audiences are mostly passive and easily swayed

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Industrial Revolution

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Rapidly transformed social life resulting from technological and economical developments including the assembly line, steam power, and urbanization

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Industrial Revolution

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Led to vast numbers of people migrating into cities to search for work and devaluation of women's work in the home

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Uses and Gratifications Paradigm

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Approaches to understanding media effects that focus on individuals' psychological or social needs that consumption of various media fulfills

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Social Atomization

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A social situation that emphasizes individualism over collective or group identities

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A high divorce rate means what?

answer

The number of blended families will increase

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Blended Family

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Family consisting of a couple and their children from this and all previous relationships Ex: The Brady Bunch

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Blended Family

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Is most likely going to increase as a result of the trend with more divorces

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Closer Family Relationships

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Willingness of children to live with their parents reflects this

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How do woman cope with the working at home and a job?

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Hire other women to clean their houses or care for children, rely on friends or family to help, refuse to do certain chores(especially those considered to be "men's work"), lower expectations of cleanliness and child care, reducing numbers of hours they work, accept dual loads to avoid conflicts with spouses and children

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Percentage of woman who will experience domestic violence at the hands of a partner?

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33 percent

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Why do people oppose school vouchers?

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They drain funds from vulnerable public schools and cause them to deteriorate further and if parents use vouchers for parochial schools, public monies are funding religious education, thus threatening the separation of church and state

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Relative Deprivation Theory

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Theory of social movements that focuses on the actions of oppressed groups who seek rights or opportunities already enjoyed by others in society

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Exogamy

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The tendency to marry someone with a different background than you

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Deregulation

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Reduction or removal of government controls from an industry to allow for a free and efficient marketplace

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Deregulation

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When laws that prevent monopolies are removed

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Free Riders

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People who take advantage of a public good without having contributed to its creation

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Tragedy of the Commons

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Particular type of social dilemma in which many individuals' overexploitation of a public resource depletes or degrades that common resource

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Deprivation Amplification

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When our individual disease risks(based on heredity and physiology) are amplified by social factors

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What is the goal of Early College High Schools?

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To develop new high schools that engage low income and underrepresented students by offering them challenging academic work while simultaneously providing the necessary guidance and support structures

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What are the negative impacts of Global Warming?

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Polar ice caps melt and increase sea levels, landmass of islands and continents shrink, global weather patterns change, ecosystems that support life on earth alter

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Gender

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Physical, behavioral, and personality traits that a group considers to be normal, natural, right, and good for its male and female members

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Education

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Central means by which a society transmits knowledge, values, and expectations to its members so that they can function effectively

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When did the last miscegenation law strike down in the United States?

answer

Year 1967

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Does everyone in a crowd always have the same goal?

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No, the individuals that make up the crowd can have varying understandings of what their roles are within the crowd as well as the meaning of their actions. Individual motivation for joining onlookers may vary

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The idea that medicine serves a function in society falls into this theoretical paradigm

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Structural Functionalism: the health-care system should return patients to health and normal functioning members of society

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Talcott Parsons

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Functionalist that developed a model of nuclear family, and argued that "modern nuclear family was especially complimentary to the requirements of an industrial economy" because it freed individuals from strenuous obligations to extended family members made possible by geographic and social mobility demanded by modern economy

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Talcott Parsons

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Socialist that believed women were more suited for an expressive role, they provide the families emotional support and nurturing

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Pluralist Model

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Each organization is assumed to have equal access to power structures, and a system of checks and balances in the form of laws and policies, and courts keep any one group from having too much power over the others

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Antimiscegenation

answer

the prohibition of mixing racial groups through marriage, cohabitation, or sexual interaction

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Ecoterrorism

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use of violence or criminal methods to protect the environment, often in high-profile, publicity-generating ways

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Re-regionalizing

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Micheal Pollan talks about doing this to the food system in America by localizing national food policy and supporting a locavore agenda

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Suburb

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A residential district or community located on the outskirts of a city.

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Sandwich Generation

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Adults who simultaneously care for their parents and their children.

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Fads

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Interests or practices followed enthusiastically for a relatively short period of time

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Fictive Kin

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Close relations with people we consider "like family" but who are not related to us by blood or marriage

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Fictive Kin

answer

Family and friends who are called aunt and uncle are an example of this

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Extended Family

answer

Large group of relatives, usually including at least three generations, living either in one household or in close proximity

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Social Change

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The transformation of a culture over time

question

How does social change occur?

answer

A major physical event(tornadoes, eruptions, etc), demographic factors(baby boomers aging), discoveries and innovations(light bulbs and cars), human action(cure for polio), and collective action(Civil Rights Movement)

question

Herbert Gans Categories of Urbanities

answer

"Cosmopolites"-professionals who are drawn to the city because of its cultural benefits, "singles"-unmarried people seeking jobs, entertainment, and partners with whom to settle down, "ethnic villagers"- recent immigrants to the area tend to settle near others with whom they share a common background, "deprived and trapped"-bottom of social hierarchy without resources or means of support they cannot afford to leave the city. they perpetuate a cycle of poverty and despair

question

Hidden Curriculum

answer

Values or behaviors that students learn indirectly over the course of their schooling because of the educational system and the teaching methods used

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Gender Identity

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An individuals self-definition or sense of gender

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Endogomy

answer

The tendency to marry someone of a similar background

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Endogamy

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Marrying within one's socioeconomic class

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Urbanization

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The process in which growing numbers of people move from rural to urban areas

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Collective Behavior

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When individuals converge, thus creating a group or crowd, and embark on some sort of action toward a shared goal

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Nuclear Family

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Heterosexual couple living in the same household and raising children

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Nuclear Family

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Makes geographical mobility easier than an extended family

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Propinquity

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The tendency to marry or have relationships with people in close geographic proximity

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Propinquity

answer

When students go to college out-of-state they tend to practice this less

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Social Ecology

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study of human populations and their impact on the natural world

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Savage Inequalities

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Kozol's ethnographic study which, contends that because schools are funded by local property taxes, children in poor neighborhoods are trapped in poor schools, which reinforces inequality.

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Pluralistic Ignorance

answer

Process in which members of a group individually conclude that there is no need to take action because they see that other group members have not done so either

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Altruism

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A display of genuine and unselfish concern for the welfare of others without self-interested motivation

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Collateral Learning

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John Dewey's term to explain how school's provide a significant arena for the abiding influence of habits of others-especially of teachers. It correlates to hidden curriculum

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John Dewey

answer

Used the term "collateral learning"

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Gender Role Socialization

answer

The subtle lifelong process of learning to be masculine or feminine, primarily through four agents of socialization: families, schools, peers, and the media

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Lifestyle Enclaves

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Groups of people drawn together by shared interests, especially those relating to hobbies, sports, and media

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Telecommuting

answer

Working from home while staying connected to the office through communications technology

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Benefits of Telecommuting

answer

Flexible work schedules, no time wasted commuting, businesses get increased productivity/fewer sick days, easier for single parents or workers with disabilities to stay employed full time

question

Barbara Ehrenreich

answer

Went undercover to study how American's live on minimum wage jobs. Worked only minimum wage jobs and lived only off of the salary she made from them. Found that minimum wage is not enough to support oneself. Wages too low, rent too high. No such thing as an unskilled job

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Service Work

answer

Work that involves providing a service to businesses or individual clients, customers, or consumers rather than manufacturing goods.

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Bystander Effect

answer

Or Diffusion of Responsibility, the social dynamic wherein the more people there are present in a moment of crisis, the less likely any one of them is to take action

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Selection

answer

Theoretical explanation for suicide that emphasizes the lure of a place and factors that draw people with suicidal tendancies

question

In what ways is the family responsible for the reproduction of society?

answer

It produces and socializes children

question

Mass Society Theory

answer

a theory of social movements that assumes people join social movements not because of the movements' ideals, but to satisfy a psychological need to belong to something larger than themselves

question

Mass Society Theory

answer

Viewed social movements with suspicion- as "dysfunctional, irrational, and exceptionally dangerous."

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Contingent Work

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Part-time, temporary, or contracted employment utilized in emergencies, or for a specific short term project or job

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Religion

answer

Any institutionalized system of shared beliefs and rituals that identify a relationship between the sacred and the profane

question

The belief that audiences will be controlled by the media implies what?

answer

That audiences are mostly passive

question

Capitalism

answer

An economic system based on private ownership and on the investment of money in business ventures in order to make a profit.

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What does Capitalism encourage?

answer

Efficiency: new technologies, expansion of markets, and cost cutting

question

Medicalization

answer

Social construction of health and wellness; when something once thought normal becomes an illness

question

The Credential Society

answer

Sociologist Randall Collins argues that class inequalities are reproduced in educational settings and there's very little schools can do to increase learning

question

"Bread and Roses"

answer

Textile Mill Strike of 1912. Prompted by a mill owner's decision to lower wages when a new law shortening the workweek went into effect in January. Strike grew quickly to more than twenty thousand workers at nearly every mill. Lasted more than two months. Workers demanded "bread and roses", eloquently capturing their desire for something more than wages needed to survive

question

"Bread and Roses"

answer

Movie with two Latina sisters work as cleaners in a downtown office building that end up fighting for the right to unionize

question

Conglomeration

answer

Process by which a single corporation acquires ownership of a variety of otherwise unrelated businesses

question

Conglomeration

answer

When one company buys another

question

Socioeconomic Status

answer

A measure of an individual's place within a social class system; often used interchangeably with "class"

question

Locavore

answer

Or local eaters, seek out food sources that are much closer to home. Willingly give up convenience in order to support local, independent, sustainable farmers, and food producers. Many grow and process their own foods in order to eat fresh, seasonal foods that they believe are better for our health, and the health of our communities, and environment

question

Socioeconomic Status relation to Healthcare

answer

Higher SES people can afford more and better healthcare services, have better access to other resources that positively impact their health, can expect to live longer, and generally enjoy feeling more physical well-being. Lower SES people have substantially higher rates of various diseases along with higher death rates and shorter life expectancy, may have little regular access to healthcare providers and may lack ability to participate in preventative practices or afford prescription medicines, consistently correlates with higher depression and mental health problems

question

Functionalism

answer

Believes sex determines which roles men and women are best suited to; it is more appropriate for men to play instrumental roles and for women to play expressive roles

question

Conflict Theory

answer

Because of the traditional division of labor in families, males have had more access to resources and privileges and have sought to maintain their dominance

question

Symbolic Interactionism

answer

Gender is learned through the process of socialization; gender inequalities are reproduced through interactions with family, peers, schools, and families

question

Feminist Theory

answer

a theoretical approach that looks at gender inequalities in society and the way that gender structures the social world

question

Structural Functionalism

answer

A paradigm that begins with the assumption that society is a unified whole that functions because of the contributions of its separate structures

question

Conflict Theory

answer

a paradigm that sees social conflict as the basis of society and social change, and emphasizes a materialist view of society, a critical view of the status quo, and a dynamic model of historical change

question

Symbolic Interactionism

answer

A paradigm that sees interaction and meaning as central to society and assumes that meanings are not inherent but are created through interaction.

question

Structural Functionalism

answer

Social institutions such as politics, education, and religion provide critical functions for the needs of society and help maintain order and unity

question

Conflict Theory

answer

Social institutions such as politics, education, and religion represent the interests of those in power and thus create and maintain inequalities in society

question

Symbolic Interactionism

answer

Social institutions such as politics, education, and religion are created through individual participation; they give meaning to and are part of the everyday experience of members

question

Structural Functionalism

answer

Different types of work(high prestige and pay to low prestige and pay) are necessary to the economy and have functions that help maintain social order

question

Conflict Theory

answer

A stratified labor market creates intergroup conflict- wealthier capitalists may exploit less powerful workers

question

Symbolic Interactionism

answer

Work is central to our self-concept-we are intensely identified with our work, both by ourselves and by others

question

Structural Functionalism

answer

Family performs necessary functions, such as the socialization of children, that help society run smoothly and maintain social order

question

Conflict Theory

answer

Family is a site of various forms of stratification and can produce and reproduce inequalities based on these statuses

question

Symbolic Interactionism

answer

Family is a social construct; it is created, changed, and maintained in interaction

question

Structural Functionalism

answer

Social institutions such as recreation and leisure provide for the needs of society and its members and help to maintain social cohesion and unity

question

Conflict Theory

answer

Social institutions such as recreation and leisure reflect existing power structures in society and thus create and maintain inequality

question

Symbolic Interactionism

answer

Social institutions such as recreation and leisure are produced when people act together; they play a meaningful role in the everyday lives of members

question

Structural Functionalism

answer

Disease is a threat to social order, and sick people cannot fulfill their roles and contribute to society; the health-care system should return patients to health and normal functioning as members of society

question

Conflict Theory

answer

Heath and the health-care system are seen as valuable resources that are unequally shared in society; conflict may arise between different groups seeking access to and control over these resources

question

Symbolic Interactionism

answer

The meaning of health and illness are dependent upon historical, cultural, and situational contexts. Stigma may be attached to certain disease states and those who suffer from them

question

Structural Functionalism

answer

The natural world exists in order to keep the social world running smoothly. The environment provides raw materials and space for development in order to meet society's needs

question

Conflict Theory

answer

Not all groups or individuals benefit equally from society's use of the natural environment

question

Symbolic Interactionism

answer

The meanings assigned to the natural environment will determine how society sees and uses it

question

Structural Functionalism

answer

Sometimes social change is necessary to maintain equilibrium and order in society

question

Conflict Theory

answer

Social change is the inevitable result of social inequality and conflict between groups over power and resources

question

Symbolic Interactionism

answer

Social change involves changes in the meanings of things as well as changes in laws, culture, and social behavior

Sociology – The Real World Ch 9 to 16 3rd Edition – Flashcards

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