question

the personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female or male

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gender

question

the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege between men and women

answer

gender stratification

question

sex is considered irrelevant to most areas of life, yet traditional gender roles seem to be reasserting themselves

answer

Israeli kibbutzim

question

studied gender in 3 guinea societies Arapesh, both sexes as feminine Mundugumor, both sexes as masculine Tehambuli, gender roles reverse US standards -> Gender vary across cultures

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Margaret Mead

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200 societies, found substantial but not complete agreement concerning which tasks are feminine or masculine

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George Murdock

question

what is considered female/male creation of society

answer

Society and gender

question

a form of social organization in which females dominate males no matriarchal societies exist

answer

matriarchy

question

a form of social organization in which males dominate females women fare better in rich nations modern technology has eliminated most of historical justifications

answer

patriarchy

question

the belief that one sex is innately superior to the other

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sexism

question

attitudes and activities that a society links to each sex parents treat boy girl differently from birth (pink room vs blue room) peer groups reinforce this curricula in schools further reinforce a cultures gender roles

answer

gender roles (sex roles)

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TV reinforce gender roles men- detectives, doctors, james bond women- less important roles, sex figures

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mass media

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women working for income is now the rule depend on two incomes Economy has shifted, forcing men & women to work

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US married couples

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continue to enter narrow range of jobs greater a jobs income or prestige, a male will get it women in labor market has not decreased housework duties. Husband has resisted increasing involvement female involvement in politics is slowly increasing high paying professions defined as masculine Make 78 cents to the male dollar

answer

women and work

question

Women and US military military women generally black few military women are married

answer

Eileen Patten/Kim Parker

question

any category of people distinguished by physical or cultural difference that a society sets apart and subordinates

answer

minority

question

interplay of race, class, and gender, often resulting in multiple dimensions of disadvantage minority women double disadvantaged

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intersection theory

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rule of thumb female genitalia mutilation is practiced in africa and middle east culture defines masculine in terms of aggression and violence

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Violence and women

question

comments, gestures, or physical contacts of a sexual nature that are deliberate, repeated, and unwelcome women more likely to be sexually harassed

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sexual harassment

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sexual violence against women

answer

pornography

question

sex roles emerged during hunting and gathering societies promote functioning of the family men- instrumental part women- expressive

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Structural functional theory (gender)

question

gender roles helps integrate society boys/girls socialized into roles and that social control reinforces gender linked behavior ignores the fat that women had to work outside the home due to necessity income ignores personal strains and social costs produced by gender roles legitimatizes status quo

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Walcott Parsons

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micro level view of society, focusing on face to face interaction men tend to initiate contact women are deferential- respect for others of higher social position

answer

symbolic interaction theory (gender) m

question

sex roles in terms of dominance, subordination, sexism casts families a morally evil minimizes people living in happy families

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social conflict theory (gender)

question

capitalism intensified male domination

answer

Friedrich Engels

question

support of social equality for women and men, in opposition to patriarchy and sexism

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feminism

question

increase equality human choice eliminating gender stratification ending sexual violence sexual freedom

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Basic feminists ideas

question

Liberal Socialists Radical

answer

Types of feminism

question

________ refers to the meaning a culture attaches to being female or male.

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Gender

question

T/F Evidence that gender is rooted in culture includes global comparisions by Margaret Mead and others showing how societies define what is feminine and masculine in various ways.

answer

True

question

T/F Gender is not only about difference: Because societies give more power and other resources to men than to women, gender is an important dimension of social stratification.

answer

True

question

__________ is built into the operation of social institutions.

answer

Sexism

question

T/F Although some degree of patriarchy is found almost everywhere, it varies throughout history and from society to society.

answer

True

question

Through the socialization process, gender becomes part of our personalities (_________) and our actions (________).

answer

gender identity, gender roles

question

T/F All the major agents of socialization- family, peer groups, schools, and the mass media- reinforce cultural definitions of what is feminine and masculine.

answer

True

question

T/F Gender stratification shapes the workplace.

answer

True

question

T/F A majority of women are now in the paid labor force, but 89% hold clerical or service jobs.

answer

False (42%)

question

Comparing full-time U.S. workers, women earn 25% as much as men.

answer

False (78%)

question

T/F Gender difference in earnings results from diffeence in jobs, differences in family responsibilities, and discrimination.

answer

True

question

T/F Gender stratification shapes family life.

answer

True

question

T/F Gender stratification shapes education.

answer

True

question

T/F Gender statification does not shape politics.

answer

False (Does)

question

T/F Until a century ago, almost no women held elected office in the United States.

answer

True

question

T/F In recent decades, the number of women in politics has decreased significantly.

answer

False (increased)

question

T/F The vast majority of elected officials, especially at the national level, are men.

answer

True

question

T/F Women make up only about 5% of U.S. military personnel.

answer

False (15%)

question

_________ ___________ investigates the intersection of race, class, and gender, factors that combine to cause special disadvantages to some categories of people.

answer

Intersection Theory

question

T/F Women of color encounter less social disadvantages than white women and earn much more than white men.

answer

False (greater)(less)

question

T/F Because all women have a distinctive social identity and are disadvantaged, they are a minority, although most white women do not think of themselves this way.

answer

True

question

T/F Violence against women and men is a widespread problem that is linked to how a society defines gender.

answer

True

question

______ _________ , which mostly victimizes women because our culture encourages men to be assertive and to see women in sexual terms.

answer

Sexual harassment

question

___________, which portrays women as sexual objects. Many see this as a moral issue; because it dehumanizes women, it is also a power issue.

answer

Pornography

question

______ ________ _______ suggests that in preindustrail societies, distinctive roles for males and females reflect biological differences between the sexes.

answer

Structural-functional approach

question

________ ________ described gender differences in terms of complementary roles that promote the social integration of families and society as a whole.

answer

Talcott Parsons

question

________ _______ _______ suggests that gender is an important dimension of social inequality and social conflict.

answer

Social-conflict approach

question

_________ _________ _______ suggests that gender inequality benefits men and disadvantages women.

answer

Social-conflict approach

question

__________ endorses the social equality of women and men and opposes patriarchy and sexism.

answer

Feminism

question

________ seeks to eliminate violenceagainst women.

answer

Feminism

question

__________ advocates giving women control over their reproduction.

answer

Feminism

question

There are three types of feminism:

answer

Liberal feminism, socialist feminism, and radical feminism.

question

_________ ________ seeks equal opportunity for both sexes within the existing society.

answer

Liberal feminism

question

_________ ________ claims that gender equality will come about by replacing capitalism with socialism.

answer

Socialist feminism

question

________ ________ seeks to eliminate the concept of gender itself and to create an egalitarian and gender-free society.

answer

Radical feminism

question

T/F Today, only 20% of U.S. adults say they oppose feminism and most of the opposition is directed toward socialist and radical feminism.

answer

True

question

T/F Support for liberal feminism is widespread.

answer

True

question

Gender is not just a matter of difference but also a matter of: A. power B. wealth C. prestige D. All of the above are correct

answer

D. All of the above are correct

question

The anthropologist Margaret Mead studied gender in three societies in New Guinea and found that A. all societies define femininity in much the same way. B. all societies define masculinity in much the same way. C. what is feminine in one society may be masculine in another. D. the meaning of gender is changing everywhere toward greater equality.

answer

C. what is feminine in one society may be masculine in another.

question

For all of us raised in U.S. society, gender shapes our A. feelings B. thoughts C. actions D. All of the above are correct

answer

D. All of the above are correct

question

There is a "beauty myth" in U.S. society that encourages A. women to believe that their personal importance depends on their looks B. beautiful women to think they do not need men C.men to improve their physical appearance in order to attract women. D. women to think the are as physically attractive as today's men.

answer

A. women to believe that their personal importance depends on their looks.

question

In the United States, what share of women work for income? A. 79 percent B. 59 percent C. 39 percent D. 19 percent

answer

B. 59 percent

question

In the U.S. labor force, A. men and women have the same kinds of jobs B. men and women earn the same pay. C. women are still concentrated in several types of jobs D. a majority of working women hold "pink-collar" jobs.

answer

C. women are still concentrated in several types of jobs

question

For which of the following categories of people in the United States is it true that women do more housework than men? A. people who work for income B. people who are married C. people who have children D. All of the above are correct

answer

D. All of the above are correct

question

In the United States, women in the labor force working full-time earn how much for every dollar earned by men working full-time? A. 78 cents B. 86 cents C. 97 cents D. 99 cents

answer

A. 78 cents

question

Before the 2008 elections, women held about what percentage of seats in congress? A. 6 pecent B. 16 percent C. 36 percent D. 56 percent

answer

B. 16 percent

question

Which type of feminism accepts U.S. society as it is but wants to give women the same rights and opportunities as men? A. socialist feminism B. liberal feminism C. radical feminism D. All of the above are correct.

answer

B. liberal feminism

question

Gender involves __________, placing men and women in different positions in terms of power, wealth, and other resources.

answer

hierarchy

question

T/F Gender affects the opporrtunities and constraints we face throughout our lives.

answer

True

question

__________ is a dimension of social organization, shaping how we interact with others and even how we think about ourselves.

answer

Gender

question

T/F Many people think there is something "natural" about gender distinctions because biology does make one sex different from the other.

answer

True

question

T/F In 1848, women were denied the vote because many people assumed that women did not have enough intelligence or interest in politics.

answer

True

question

Such attitudes about women voting (1848) had nothing to do with biology; they reflected the _________ _________ of that time and place.

answer

cultural patterns

question

T/F Most differences between men and women turn out to be socially created.

answer

True

question

Women out perform men in the ultimate game of life itself: Life expectancy for men is _____ years, and women can expect to live ________ years.

answer

75.2, 80.4

question

"rule by mothers"

answer

matriarchy

question

"rule by fathers"

answer

patriarchy

question

The justification for patriarchy is __________.

answer

sexism

question

______ _______is found throughout the economy, with women highly concentrated in low-paying jobs.

answer

Institutional sexism

question

T/F Sexism limits the talents and the ambitions of the half of the human population who are women.

answer

True

question

Masculinity in our culture encourages men to engage in many high-risk behaviors: A. using tobacco and alcohol B. playing dangerous sports C. driving recklessly D. All the above are high risk behaviors

answer

D. All of the above

question

T/F Masculinity is linked not only to accidents but also to suicide, violence, and stress-related diseases.

answer

True

question

marked by chronic impatience, driving ambition, competitiveness, and free-floating hostility- is one cause of heart disease and an almost perfect match with the behavior our culture considers masculine.

answer

Type A personality

question

T/F As men seek control over others, they lose opportunities for intimacy and trust.

answer

True

question

T/F Most sociologists believe that gender is socially constructed and can be changed.

answer

True

question

T/F From birth until death, gender shapes human feelings, thoughts, and actions.

answer

True

question

T/F Gender shapes our interests and beliefs about our own abilities, guiding areas of study and, eventually, career choices.

answer

True

question

T/F Women are still a minority of the students on college campuses across the U.S.

answer

False (majority)

question

Name some of the factors that have contributed to change in the U.S. labor force:

answer

decline in farming, growth of cities, shrinking family size, and rising divorce rates, need for dual-income, delaying children, more women in college, more women want to be independent.

question

The U.S. Department of Labor (2008) reports a high concentration of women in two types of jobs:

answer

Administrative support work, service work

question

give examples of administrative support work:

answer

secretaries, office workers, receptionist or information clerk

question

give examples of service work:

answer

dental hygienist, dental assistant, child care worker, pre-k or kindergarten teacher

question

T/F Gender stratification in everyday life is easy to see.

answer

True

question

By defining some kinds of work as _______ ______, society defines women as less competent than men.

answer

"men's work"

question

T/F In the coporate world, the higher in the company we look, the fewer women we find.

answer

True

question

From this point of view, gender serves as a means to organize social life.

answer

Structural-functional approach

question

From this point of view, gender involves differences not just in behavior but in power as well.

answer

Social-conflict approach

sociology test 3 ch 10

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