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Socialization

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the lifelong process through which people learn the attitudes, values, and behaviors appropriate for members of a particular culture -internalize culture -transforms biological organisms into social beings -occurs over life course

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enculturation

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internalize culture; culture becomes a part of your identity, shapes your behaviors, takes raw material that you are born with and shapes you into a social being

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Rites of Passage

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rituals that mark the symbolic transition from one social position to another ex) quinceanera, Bar Mitzvah, wedding

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Basic functions of socialization

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1)develop a social self (instead of personality) 2)understand and learn societal rules 3)Transmit culture from one generation to the next

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Self

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Our sense of who we are, distinct from others, and shaped by the unique combination of our social interactions -collection of unique attributes (quirks) and normative responses (how you respond) that makes you who you are -how we define ourselves

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Degradation Ceremony

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an aspect of the socialization process within some total institutions, in which people are subjected to humiliating rituals deprive people of their former identities and dignity in order make them more accepting of external control. (shaving head, giving prisoners numbers, uniforms,)

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Nature v. nurture debate

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to what extent is human nature biologically or socially determined? nature - biology nuture-clean slate when you are born and transforms over time *who you are=heredity+environment sociobiologists-more nurture; not born with instincts to act like social being, human traits that we currently see are the result of biological evolution over time

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Research on Nature/Nurture

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Harlow's study of Rhesus monkeys twin research Kingsley Davis cases of Extreme isolation (Anna and Isabelle, Genie)

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Harlow's study of Rhesus monkeys

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NURTURE what happens when you take out the nurture component of a developmental monkey (raised away from their mothers) result: monkeys behaved poorly as adults; fearful and easily frightened, did not mate; females became abusive mothers; conclusion: early isolation has long term effects on the monkeys ** artificial mother experiment: wire monkey w/ breast milk and soft cuddly monkey; infant monkeys developed greater social attachments based on their need for warmth, intimacy, and comfort than their need for food

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Twin research (Minnesota Center for Twin and Adoption Research)

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NATURE AND NURTURE studies personality trait, behavior,and intelligence similarities between twins (with genetics similarities) raised apart Result: genetic factors AND socialization experiences are influential in human development genetic factors-certain similar characteristics social environment- values, needs for chosen mates,intimacy and assistance differed Technological advances- in vitro, embryo transfer caused: ** Twin birth rate increased 70% since 1980 **triplets rose 400% -provided more cases for researches to investigate twins

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Kingsley Davis, Studies on Extreme Isolation

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Anna and Isabelle, Genie -isolated children (feral children) -demonstrated importance of of the earliest interactions for children (critical for emotional growth) -suggest we need early intimacy and interaction with others

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Anna and Isabelle (H13)

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...

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Genie(wild child video)

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1970's -14 y.o. locked in room since she was 20 m.o. -never achieved full language ability -father thought she was mentally ill -supported and refuted critical theory hypothesis

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Sociological Theories of Sociolization

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-self not present at birth -self is a social product developed through interaction with others Cooley: Looking glass self Mead Stages of the Self Goffman Presentation of the Self *cooley and mead symbolic interactionists*

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Charles Cooley's Looking Glass Self

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(microlevel) look at the audience around us as a mirror for approval or disapproval of our behavior self development requires references to other people How We: (1)see ourselves as we think other people see us (2) think we apear to other people (3) think people are judging our appearance (4)feel about their judgements (negative v. positive feedback shapes your development) -sanctions-feedback -we become the feedback that we are given -may or may not be accurate (ex. anorexia) -self fulfilling prophecy

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Self-fulfilling prophecy

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prediction-act-fulfillment of prediction -prediction causes person to act as if prediction is true -leads to act in fulfillment of prediction -fulfillment of prediction Examples: bank going under, placebo effect (told that pill is going to do something, you believe it, placebo works)

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George Herbert Mead's Mind, Self, Society

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wrote Mind, Self, and Society (1934) (microlevel) -focus on language and symbols -see how well a child's sense of self is developed by looking at their language Stages of Development (1) Prepatory Stage (2) Play Stage (3) Game Stage Theoretical division of self

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Prepatory Stage

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(1) Prepatory Stage (birth-3 years) -social interaction (Anna, Isabelle and Genie did not have this) -preverbal communication (kids attempts to communicate with people around them. i.e. crying, gestures) -language (initial difficulties with perspective) (ex. mixing up I, me, and you)

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Play Stage

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(2) Play stage (3-7 years old) -role taking (playing, assuming role of someone else...ie mom, dad, teacher, doctor) -significant other (people children have direct contact w/) *children begin to understand how to interact with significant others- showing the rules of society) Ex) Dr. Maher's niece (time out)- niece had learned consequences of bad behavior from parents

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Game Stage

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(3) Game Stage (8-9 years old) -simultaneously understand own role, role of others, and rules of the game ex) children and board games- making up rules; soccer and baseball games -generalized others- culturally defined expectations of anyone in a role and awareness of social norms ex)understanding what teachers do separate from world you know

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Significant other v. Generalized other

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significant other- those whose opinions matter the most to us (i.e. parents, siblings, and caregivers) generalized other: roles of others in society (i.e bus drivers,teachers...)

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Mead's Theoretical division of self

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I-active, not self conscious, unorganized tendencies of self, spontaneous (Born with) Me- concerned with society's expectations, sees itself as social object (others around who are judging); internalized social attitudes (developed Perspective) -well developed me- aware of social rules *Similar to Freud's idea of self (id, ego, superego) ex) I- I dont want to go to the meeting me-I need to go to the meeting b/c. give and take between I and me

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Freud's idea of self

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Id-drives, what you need to have fulfilled ego mediates b/w id and superego superego-social norms that you're aware of

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Erving Goffman's dramaturgical sociology

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wrote The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (1959) -we use the language of the theater to describe microlevel interactions (all the world's a stage) -impression management-altering performance in order to make the impression we want to make (face saving, face work) face saving-efforts you engage in in order to reestablish your image or self ex) did bad on test, say the teacher doesn't know how to teach self-reflection of cluster of roles performed -onion theory of self-who you are is a collection of the roles you play

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Anticipatory Socialization

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person rehearses for future positions, occupations, and social relationships

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Resocialization

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abandon one self concept for another radically different one (following a major break) ex) Goffman's Total institutions- remove and rebuild identity; wiping slate clean and rebuilding into a new self (mortification of self)- death of original identity so people are more accepting of external control (degradation ceremony)-right of passage used to initiate people into total institutions (i.e. strip down, shave heads, called by a #)

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Agents of Socialization

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who's responsibe for helping us become socialized 1) Family 2)Schools 3)Peer Groups 4) Mass media

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Family

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Primary agent (most important) reciprocal socialization (child teaches parent) Cross-cultural (ex. letting 5 y.o. in China walk to school) heirarchy

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Schools

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skills and values loosen ties with family strengthen ties with community through system of common heritage ex)pledge of allegiance heirarchy

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Peer Groups

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1st group of own choosing equal power throughout group (equal age, status,)

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Mass Media

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reaches most people in the shortest amt of time supports/ validates what we already know shapes the way we see reality in the workplace and religion and the Tate

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h 13 extreme Isolation

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Anna deprived of normal contact for 6 years

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