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Social Sciences

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_____; disciplines that study human social behavior or institutions and the functions of human society in a scientific manner.

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Sociology

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_____; social science; study of human society and social behavior from a [group] perspective.

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Social Interaction

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_____; how people relate to one another and influence each other's behavior.

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Social Phenomena

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_____; observable facts or events that involve human society.

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Anthropology

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_____; social science; the comparative study of past and present cultures.

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Psychology

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_____; social science; studies behavior and mental processes. Focuses on an [individual's] behavior, rather than a group.

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Social Psychology

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_____; division of psychology that studies how the social environment affects an individual's behavior and personality.

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Economics

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_____; social science; the study of the production, distribution and the consumption of goods; the analysis of the choices people make in an effort to satisfy their needs and wants.

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Political Science

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_____; social science; study of the principles, organization and operation of gov'ts. Also focuses on gov't and its impact of people's lives.

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History

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_____; social science; studies people and events of the past.

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Sociological Perspective

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_____; a worldview that involves looking at social life in a scientific and systematic way.

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Social Imagination

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_____; the ability to see the connection between the larger world and your personal life.

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A. Comte

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_____; Sociologist: Who Am I?! • one of the first scholars to apply the methods of physical science to the study of society. • coined the word "sociology". • considered the founder of sociology.

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H. Martineau

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_____; Sociologist: Who Am I?! • conducted early sociological studies in Britain & US. • believed scholars should try to improve society, instead of just study it. • translated Comte's work into English.

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H. Spencer

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_____; Sociologist: Who Am I?! • applied principles of biology to society. • coined the phrase "survival of the fittest". • popularized evolutionary theory of social change.

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Social Darwinism

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_____; belief that only the fittest societies would survive over time, leading to a general upgrading of the world as a whole.

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K. Marx

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_____; Sociologist: Who Am I?! • emphasized the primary role that conflict plays in social change and advocated revolution to speed up the process of change. • ideas led to the development of the conflict perspective in sociology.

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É. Durkheim

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_____; Sociologist: Who Am I?! • described society as a set of interdependent parts, w/ each part serving a specific function. • believed sociologists should focus on the observable social phenomena. • influential in the development of the functionalist perspective in sociology.

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Function

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_____; the consequence that an element of society produces for the maintenance of its social system.

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M. Weber

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_____; Sociologist: Who Am I?! • developed the concept of the [Ideal Type]. • believed that sociology should attempt to understand the meaning behind an individual's actions. • his work influenced the development of interactionist perspective in sociology.

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Verstehen

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_____; Principle of attempting to understand the meanings individuals attach to their actions.

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Ideal Type

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_____; a description comprised of the essential characteristics of an aspect of society.

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Jane Addams

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_____; Sociologist: Who Am I?! • Hull House Studies. • believed analyzing social problems was the first step to solving them.

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W.E.B. Du Bois

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_____; Sociologist: Who Am I?! • used community studies to underscore the significance of race in American society. • believed sociologists should be involved in social reform as well as academic study.

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Theories

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_____; explanations of the relationship among particular phenomena.

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Theoretical Perspective

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_____; school of thought, a general set of assumptions about the nature of things.

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Functionalist Perspective

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_____; view of society as a set of interrelated parts that work together to produce a stable social system.

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Dysfunction

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_____; the negative consequence an element has for the stability of the social system.

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Manifest Function

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_____; the intended and recognized consequence of some element of society.

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Latent Function

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_____; the unintended and unrecognized consequence of an element of society.

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Conflict Perspective

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_____; sociological viewpoint; focus on the forces in society that promote competition and change.

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Feminist Perspective

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_____; sociological viewpoint within [Conflict Perspective]; focuses on gender inequality.

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Interactionist Perspective

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_____; sociological viewpoint; focuses on how individual's interact with one another in society.

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Symbol

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_____; anything that represents something else.

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Symbolic Interaction

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_____; Interactionists' focus on how people use symbols when interacting. This process has 3 elements: meaning, language and thought.

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Macrosociology

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_____; level of analysis used by the Functionalist and Conflict Perspectives; involves the study of large-scale systems or society as a whole.

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Microsociology

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_____; level of analysis used in the Interactionist Perspective; involves looking at small-group settings and the everyday face-to-face interactions among group members.

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Globalization

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_____; the development of economic, political, and social relationships that stretch worldwide

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Scientific Method

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_____; an objective, logical, and systematic way of collecting empirical data and arriving at reasoned conclusions.

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Hypothesis

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_____; a statement that predicts the relationship between two or more variables.

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Variable

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_____; a characteristic that can differ from one individual, group, or situation to another in a measurable way.

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Correlation

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_____; exists when a change in one variable is regularly associated with a change in another variable.

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Survey

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_____; allows sociologists to collect data on attitudes and opinions from large numbers of people.

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Sample

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_____; a small number of people drawn from a population.

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Historical Method

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_____; involves examining any materials from the past that contain information of sociological interest.

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Content Analysis

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_____; analyzing sources by counting the number of times a particular word, phrase, idea, event, symbol, or other element appears in a given content.

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Participant Observation

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_____; researchers become directly involved in the situation under investigation.

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Case Study

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_____; an intensive analysis of a person, group, event, or problem.

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Experiment

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In a _____, data is gathered under controlled conditions set by the researcher.

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Statistical Analysis

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_____; entails analyzing data that have already been collected to determine the strength of the relationship that may exist between two or more variables.

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Culture

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_____; all the shared products of human groups. Including physical objects+beliefs, values, and behaviors shared by a group.

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Material Culture

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The physical objects that people create and use form a group's _____. Ex: automobiles, books, buildings, clothing, computers, and cooking utensils.

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Nonmaterial Culture

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Abstract human creations form a group's _____. Ex: beliefs, family patterns, ideas, language, political and economic systems, rules, skills, and work practices.

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Society

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_____; a group of interdependent people who have organized in such a way as to share a common culture and feeling of unity.

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Values

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_____; shared beliefs about what is good or bad, right or wrong, desirable or undesirable.

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Norms

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_____; shared rules of conduct that tell people how to act in specific situations,

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Folkways

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_____; Norms that describe socially acceptable behavior, but do not have great moral significance attached to them. Ex: do your hw, do not let the flag touch the ground, etc.

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Mores

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_____; norms that have great moral significance attached to them. Ex: Do not Maurer, be dishonest, commit fraud, etc.

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Laws

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_____; written rules of conduct enacted and enforced by the gov't.

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Cultural Universals

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_____; common features that are found in all human cultures.

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Subculture

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_____; a group with its own unique values, norms, and behaviors that exist within a larger culture.

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Counterculture

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_____; a group that rejects the values, norms, and practices of the larger society and replaces them with a new set of cultural patterns.

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Ethnocentrism

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_____; the tendency to view one's own culture and group as superior to all other cultures and groups.

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Cultural Relativism

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_____; the belief that cultures should be judged by their own standards rather than by applying the standards of another culture.

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Cultural Diffusion

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_____; the process of one culture spreading its traits—ideas and beliefs—as well as material objects—from one society to another.

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Cultural Lag

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_____; a situation in which some aspects of the culture change less rapidly, or lag behind, other aspects of the same culture.

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Cultural Leveling

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_____; the process through which cultures become more and more alike.

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Self-Fulfillment

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_____; a commitment to the full development of one's personality, talents, and potential.

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Self-fulfillment

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Values such as leisure, physical fitness, and youthfulness are grouped under the term _____.

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Personality Disorder

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_____; a long term and deeply ingrained pattern of socially unacceptable behavior that is harmful to the person who displays it and to others.

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Narcissism

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_____; extreme self-centeredness.

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Traditional American Values

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_____; a core set of values that majority of the many diverse groups that make up American society share.

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(AV) Personal Achievement

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_____; doing well at school + work is important. Gaining wealth + prestige is a sign of success.

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(AV) Progress and Material Comfort

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_____; history is marked by ongoing process, and this progress improves people's lives.

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(AV) Work

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_____; discipline, dedication, and hard work are signs of virtue.

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(AV) Individualism

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_____; hard work, initiative, and individual effort are keys to personal achievement.

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(AV) Efficiency and Practicality

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_____; every problem can be solved through efficiency and practicality; getting things done in the shortest amount of time is important.

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(AV) Morality and Humanitarianism

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_____; judgments should be based on a sense of right and wrong; this sense of morality also involves helping the less fortunate.

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(AV) Equality and Democracy

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_____; everyone should have an equal chance at success and the right to participate freely in gov't.

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(AV) Freedom

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_____; personal freedoms, such as freedom of religion, speech, and press, are central to the American way of life.

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Social Structure

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_____; the network of interrelated statuses and roles that guide human interaction.

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Status

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_____; a socially defined position in a group or in a society.

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Role

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_____; the bahavior—the rights and obligations—expected of someone occupying a particular status.

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Ascribed Status

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_____; a status assigned according to qualities beyond a person's control. Not based on individual's talents. Something your born with. Ex: female, 17 years old, African American, etc.

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Achieved Status

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_____; status acquired by individual through their direct efforts. Efforts include knowledge, special skills, or abilities .

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Master Status

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______; a status that tends to rank above all others, plays the greatest role in shaping a person's life and determining his/her social identity.

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Role Set

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______; the different roles attached to a single status.***

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Role Conflict

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_____; occurs when fulfilling the role expectations of one status makes it difficult to fulfill the role expectations of another status.

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Role Strain

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_____; occurs when one person has difficulty meeting the expectations of a single status.

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Role Exit

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_____; role performance does not match the expectations; process people go through to detach from a role that has been central to their self-identity.

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Social Institution

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_____; when the statuses and roles are organized to satisfy one or more the basic needs of the society.

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Exchange

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_____; whenever people interact in an effort to receive a reward or a return for their actions.

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Reciprocity

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_____—the idea that if you do something for someone that person owes you something in return—is the basis of exchange.

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Exchange Theory

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_____; the belief that people are motivated by self-interest in their interactions with other people.

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Competition

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_____; occurs when two or more people or groups oppose each other to achieve a goal that only one can attain.

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Conflict

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_____; the deliberate attempt to control a person by force, to oppose someone, or to harem another person.

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Cooperation

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_____; occurs when two or more people or groups work together to achieve a goal that will benefit more than one person.

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Accommodation

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______; a state of balance between cooperation and conflict.

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Compromise

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______; occurs when two parties at odds each give up something to come to a mutual agreement. (accommodation)

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Truce

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_____; temporarily bring a halt to competition/conflict until compromise can be reached. (accommodation)

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Mediation

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_____; 3rd party who helps two parties reach compromise.* (accommodation)

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Arbitration

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_______; a third party, between to opposing parties, makes a binding decision on both.* (accommodation)

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Group

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_____; a set of people who interact on the basis of shared expectations and who possess some degree of common identity.

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Subsistence Strategies

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_____; the ways societies use technology to provide for the needs of their members. Three Categories: preindustrial, indistrial, and postindustrial.

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Preindustrial Society

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_____; food production, which is carried out through the use of human and animal labor, is the main economic activity.

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Division of Labor

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_____; the specialization by individuals or groups in the performance of specific economic activities—becomes more complex.

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Barter

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_____; the excahange of goods or services

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Industrial Society

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_____; a society where emphasis is on the production of manufactured goods.

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Postindustrial Society

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_____; society where the economic enphasis is on the provision of information and services rather than on manufacturing.

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Mechanical Solidarity

answer

_____; when people share the same values and perform tye same tasks, they become united in a commn whole.

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Organic Solidarity

answer

_____; refers to the impersonal social relationships that arise with increased job specialization.

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Gemeinschaft

answer

_____; the German word meaning "community."

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Gesellschaft

answer

_____; the German word for "society"

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Aggregate

answer

_____; people gathered in the same place and the same time, but have no organization or lasting patterns of interaction. Ex: Passengers on a plane, the crowd at a baseball game, etc.

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Social Category

answer

_____; a means of classifying people according to a shared trait or common status; no interaction needed. Ex: students, women, teenagers, etc.

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Dyad

answer

_____; the smallest group possible, a group with two members.

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Triad

answer

_____; a three person group.

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Formal Group

answer

_____; a group in which the structure, goals, and activities are clearly defined.

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Informal Group

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_____; a group where there is no official structure or established rules of conduct.

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Primary Group

answer

_____; a small group of people who interact over a relatively long period of time on a direct and personal basis.

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Secondary Group

answer

_____; a group in which interaction is impersonal and temporary in nature.

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Reference Group

answer

_____; any group with whom individuals identify and whose attitudes and values they adopt.

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In-Group

answer

_____; a group that a person belongs to and identifies with.

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Out-Group

answer

_____; any group that a person does not belong to or identify with.

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Electronic Community

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In a(n) _____ people interact with each other regularly on the Internet.

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Social Network

answer

_____; the web of relationships formed by the sum total of a person's interactions with other people.

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Leader

answer

_____; people who influence the opinions and attitudes of others.

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Formal Organization

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_____; term used by sociologists to describe a large, complex secondary group that has been established to achieve a specific goal.

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Bureacuracy

answer

_____; a ranked authority structure that operates according to specific rules and procedures.

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Rationality

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_____; involves subjecting every feature of human behavior to calculation, measurement, and control.

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Voluntary Association

answer

_____; a nonprofit organization formed to pursue some common interest.

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Alienation

answer

_____; the feeling of powerlessness in, and disassociation from, social relationships.

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Iron Law of Oligarchy

answer

_____; the tendency of organizations to become increasingly dominated by small groups of people.

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Personality

answer

_____; the sum total of behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, and values that are characterizes of an individual.

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Heredity

answer

_____; the transmission of genetic characteristics from parents to children.

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Social Environment

answer

_____; a term that refers to contact with other people.

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Instinct

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_____; an unchanging biologically inherited behavior pattern.

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Sociobiology

answer

_____; the systematic study of the biological basis of all social behavior.

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Aptitude

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_____; a capacity to learn a particular skill or acquire a specific body of knowledge.

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Socialization

answer

_____; the interactive process through which people learn the basic skills, values, beliefs, and behavior of a society.

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Self

answer

_____; your conscious awareness of possessing a distinct identity that separates your and your environment from other members of society.

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Looking-glass Self

answer

_____; the interactive process by which we develop an image of ourselves based on how we imagine we appear to others.

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Role-taking

answer

_____ forms the basis of socialization process by allowing us to anticipate what others expect of us.

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Significant Others

answer

_____; specific people, such as parents , siblings, relatives, and others, who directly influence our socialization.

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J. Locke: The Tabula Rosa

answer

Who + What? Theory of Self's Emergence and Development; Each person is born a blank slate. Humans, who acquire their personalities through interaction, can be molded into any type of character.

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C. H. Cooley: The Looking-Glass Self

answer

Who + What? Theory of Self's Emergence and Development; Humans form images of themselves based on how they seems to others. We imagine how we appear to others, judge whether they see us as we see ourselves, and use our judgements to form our sense of self.

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G. H. Mead: Role-Taking

answer

What + Who? Theory of Self's Emergence and Development; beyond seeing ourselves as others do, we begin to anticipate what others expect.after a 3 step process, we take on the roles of others.

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E. Goffman: Impression Management

answer

What + Who? Theory of Self's Emergence and Development; Social interaction is like performing for an audience. We change our personalities based on what impression we want to convey.

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Generalized Other

answer

_____; internalized attitudes, expectations, and viewpoints of society.

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I

answer

_____; the unsocialized, spontaneous, self-interested component of personality and self-identity.

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Me

answer

_____; the part that is aware of the expectations and attitudes of society—the socialized self.

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Dramaturgy

answer

According to _____, social interaction is like a drama being performed on stage.

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Impression Management

answer

_____; an effort to present the self well and manage the impressions that the audience receives.

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Agents of Socialization

answer

_____; specific individuals, groups, and institutions that enable socialization to take place.

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Peer Group

answer

_____; a primary group composed of individuals of roughly equal age and similar social characteristics.

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Mass Media

answer

_____; instruments of communication that reach large audiences w/ no personal contact between those sending the info and those receiving it.

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Resocialization

answer

_____; a break w/ past experiences and the learning of new values and norms.

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Total Institution

answer

_____; a setting in which people are isolated from the rest of society for a specific period of time and are subject to tight control. Ex: prisons, monasteries, psychiatric hospitals, etc.

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Socialization

answer

_____; the interactive process through which people learn the basic skills, values, beliefs, and behavior of a society.

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Self

answer

_____; your conscious awareness of possessing a distinct identity that separates your and your environment from other members of society.

question

Looking-glass Self

answer

_____; the interactive process by which we develop an image of ourselves based on how we imagine we appear to others.

question

Role-taking

answer

_____ forms the basis of socialization process by allowing us to anticipate what others expect of us.

question

Significant Others

answer

_____; specific people, such as parents , siblings, relatives, and others, who directly influence our socialization.

question

J. Locke: The Tabula Rosa

answer

Who + What? Theory of Self's Emergence and Development; Each person is born a blank slate. Humans, who acquire their personalities through interaction, can be molded into any type of character.

question

C. H. Cooley: The Looking-Glass Self

answer

Who + What? Theory of Self's Emergence and Development; Humans form images of themselves based on how they seems to others. We imagine how we appear to others, judge whether they see us as we see ourselves, and use our judgements to form our sense of self.

question

G. H. Mead: Role-Taking

answer

What + Who? Theory of Self's Emergence and Development; beyond seeing ourselves as others do, we begin to anticipate what others expect.after a 3 step process, we take on the roles of others.

question

E. Goffman: Impression Management

answer

What + Who? Theory of Self's Emergence and Development; Social interaction is like performing for an audience. We change our personalities based on what impression we want to convey.

question

Generalized Other

answer

_____; internalized attitudes, expectations, and viewpoints of society.

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I

answer

_____; the unsocialized, spontaneous, self-interested component of personality and self-identity.

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Me

answer

_____; the part that is aware of the expectations and attitudes of society—the socialized self.

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Dramaturgy

answer

According to _____, social interaction is like a drama being performed on stage.

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Impression Management

answer

_____; an effort to present the self well and manage the impressions that the audience receives.

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Agents of Socialization

answer

_____; specific individuals, groups, and institutions that enable socialization to take place.

question

Peer Group

answer

_____; a primary group composed of individuals of roughly equal age and similar social characteristics.

question

Mass Media

answer

_____; instruments of communication that reach large audiences w/ no personal contact between those sending the info and those receiving it.

question

Resocialization

answer

_____; a break w/ past experiences and the learning of new values and norms.

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Total Institution

answer

_____; a setting in which people are isolated from the rest of society for a specific period of time and are subject to tight control. Ex: prisons, monasteries, psychiatric hospitals, etc.

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Adolescence 5.1

answer

_____; - defined as the period between the normal onset of puberty and the beginning of adulthood. - the physical and social maturing from childhood to adulthood.

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Puberty 5.1

answer

_____; the physical maturing, from childhood to adulthood, that makes an individual capable of sexual reproduction.

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Anticipatory Socialization 5.1

answer

_____; learning the rights, obligations, and expectations of a role to prepare for assuming that role in the future.

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Anticipatory Socialization

answer

A child playing house is a form of what?

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Puberty

answer

_____ occurs in all human societies.

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Adolescence

answer

_____ does not exist as a concept in many parts of the world.

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• Biological Growth ; Development • An Undefined Status • Increased Decision Making • Increased Pressures • Search of Self

answer

What are the five characteristics of adolescence?

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Anticipatory Socialization

answer

_____; a part-time job, club membership, and dating.

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Dating 5.2

answer

_____; the meeting of people as a romantic engagement, most commonly found in societies that allow individuals to choose their own marriage partners.

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Courtship 5.2

answer

_____; the meeting of people as a romantic engagement with the express purpose of marriage.

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Homogamy 5.2

answer

_____; the tendency of people to marry individuals with social characteristics similar to their own.

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Continuum

answer

_____; a coherent whole characterized as a collection, sequence, or progression.

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Coeducational

answer

_____; the education of both sexes of student at the same institution.

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Early History

answer

_____; Men married when their fathers gave them enough land to support a family. Therefore parents controlled the timing and circumstance of marriage.

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Formal Courtship

answer

_____; Ultimate goal of marriage. Young men ask for permission to visit with young women. Couples meet in the young women's house and are closely supervised.

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The Industrial Revolution

answer

_____; Time when young people leave farms to move to cities. Courtship declines and dating begins to develop.

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Coeducational Public Schools

answer

_____ increased social integration between young men and women through events such as school dances.

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The Automobile

answer

_____; helped increase dating among young people. By the 50's, young people went in _____ on supervised dates to movies and other events.

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Contemporary Dating

answer

_____; Dating among young people is more diverse than ever. Young people have more flexibility to arrange meetings in a wide range of places.

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Abstinence 5.3

answer

_____; to eschew from sexual behavior as a teenager with other teenagers.

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Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) 5.3

answer

_____; ***

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Drug 5.3

answer

_____; any substance that changes mood, behavior, or consciousness.

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Social Integration 5.3

answer

_____; the degree of attachment people have to social groups or to society as a whole.

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Life Stucture [6.1]

answer

_____; the combination of statuses, roles, activities, goals, values, beliefs, and life circumstances that characterize an individual.

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Early Adulthood, Middle Adulthood, and Late Adulthood [6.1]

answer

_____, _____, and _____ are the three basic eras of adulthood.

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Early Adulthood [6.1]

answer

_____; period of adulthood when the most important task is to leave home, both physically and mentally. • Early Adult Transition • Entering the Adult World • Age 30 Transition • Settling Down Period

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Middle Adulthood [6.1]

answer

_____; • Midlife Transition • Entering Middle Adulthood • Age 50 Transition • Culmination of Middle Adulthood

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Late Adulthood [6.1]

answer

_____; • Late Adult Transition • Late Adulthood

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Novice Phase [6.1]

answer

_____; the first three periods of the early adulthood era. Major task at this time is to make a place for themselves in the adult world and to construct a life structure that fits them and works on the adult world***.

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Mentor [6.1]

answer

_____; fosters a person's development by believing in the person and helping the person achieve his/her dreams.

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Apprentice [6.1]

answer

The break its a mentor is important b/c it allows individuals to see themselves as more than "_____ adults." _____; a person acquiring a trade or skills under supervision.

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Work [6.2]

answer

_____; involves performing all of the tasks necessary to produce goods and provide services that meet human needs.

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Labor Force [6.2]

answer

_____; by definition, consists of all individuals age 16 and older who are employed in paid positions or who are seeking paid employment.

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Informal Economy [6.2]

answer

_____; unofficial economic activities that take place w/o gov't approval and outside of mainstream business and industry. OR People who are not paid for their services, such as homemakers, are part of an _____ and are not considered part of the labor force.

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Profession [6.2]

answer

_____; a high-status occupation that requires specialized skills and knowledge obtained through formal education.

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Unemployment [6.2]

answer

_____; the situation that occurs when a person does not have a job but is actively seeking employment.

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Unemployment Rate [6.2]

answer

_____; the percentage rate of the civilian labor force that is unemployed but is actively seeking employment.

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Outsourcing [6.2]

answer

_____; a practice that involves moving business units and jobs across national boundaries, where operating and labor costs are less expensive.

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Gerontology [6.3]

answer

_____; scientific study of the processes and phenomena of aging.

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Social Gerontology [6.3]

answer

_____; study of the nonphysical aspects of the aging process.

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Young-Old [6.3]

answer

_____; age group-65 to 74 % of Population- 6.4 Concerns-adjustment to retirement is a key developmental issue

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Middle-Old [6.3]

answer

_____; age group-75 to 84 % of Population- 4.3 Concerns • physical health • mental functioning • dependency • death issues

question

Old-Old [6.3]

answer

_____; age group-85+ % of Population- 1.8 Concerns • physical health • mental functioning • dependency • death issues

question

Dementia [6.3]

answer

_____; progressive deterioration of the cognitive and intellectual functions of the brain, such as memory loss. OR For some people aging is accompanied by marked mental decline, or _____.

question

Alzheimer's Disease [6.3]

answer

_____; the most common for of dementia among elderly people; an organic condition that results in the progressive deterioration of brain cells.

question

Dependency [6.3]

answer

_____; the shift from being an independent adult to being dependent on others for physical or financial assistance.

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[8.1] Social Stratification

answer

_____; the division of society into categories, ranks, or classes.

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[8.1] Social Inequality

answer

_____; the unequal sharing of scarce resources and social rewards.

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[8.1] Caste System

answer

_____; a system of social stratification in which resources and rewards are distributed on the basis of ascribed statuses.

question

[8.1] Exogamy

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_____; marriage outside one's social category.

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[8.1] Endogamy

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_____; marriage within one's social category.

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[8.1] Class System

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_____; a system of social stratification in which distribution of scarce resources and rewards is determined on the basis of achieved status.

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[8.1] Means of Production

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_____; the materials and methods used to produce goods and services.

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[8.1] Bourgeoisie

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_____; the owners of the means of production in a capitalist society.

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[8.1] Proletariat

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_____; the workers who sell their labor in exchange for wages.

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[8.1] Social Class

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_____; a group of people with similar levels of wealth, power, and prestige.

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[8.1] Wealth

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_____; a combination of an individual's assets—the value of everything the person owns—and income—money earned through salaries and investments.

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[8.1] Power

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_____; the ability to control the behavior of others, with or without their consent.

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[8.1] Prestige

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_____; the respect, honor, recognition, or courtesy an individual receives from others.

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[8.1] Socioeconomic Status

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_____; a rating that combines social factors such as level of education, occupational prestige, and place of residence w/ the economic factor of income in order to determine an individual's Real active position in a stratification system.

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[8.1] Synthesize

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_____; to blend

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[8.2] Social Advancement

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_____; the process of moving up through the ranks of a class system.

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[8.2] Reputational Method

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_____; those from a community are asked to rank others in their community based on their character and lifestyle. * suitable for small communities * findings not used to make judgments on other communities

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[8.2] Subjective Method

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_____; individuals are asked to determine their own social rank.

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[8.2] objective Method

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_____; sociologists define social class by income, occupation, and education. * statistical basis proves less biased. * problem-selection and measurement of social factors.

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[8.2] Social Mobility

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_____; the movement between or within social classes. * Subsets: Horizontal and Vertical Mobility

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[8.2] Horizontal Mobility

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_____; movement within social class or stratum. When one moves from JobA to JobB, both with equal social ranking.

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[8.2] Vertical Mobility

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_____; the movement (up or down) between social classes or strata. * Subsets: Intragenerational and Intergenerational Mobility.

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[8.2] Intragenerational Mobility

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_____; study of the changes in social position during one person's life.

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[8.2] Intergenerational Mobility

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_____; study of status differences between generations in the same family.

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The Upper Class

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_____;

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