question

According to sociology, it is not the act itself that makes something deviant, but the ___________ to the act.

answer

reaction

question

When we think about deviance in general, which of the following is an accurate statement about patterns of deviance?

answer

Most of us conform most of the time (we do not deviate).

question

According to the Conflict Theory perspective, those who have the power to define what is considered deviant are called...

answer

social control agents

question

According to the perspective of Conflict Theory, who has the ability to define what is deviant in a society and can more easily hide and defend their own deviance?

answer

those with the most power/resources (economic, political, social resources)

question

Any recognized violation of a social norm is called what?

answer

deviance

question

If Professor Wagganer decided to sing her entire lecture and students responded with confusion and laughter, would her behavior be considered deviant?

answer

Yes; the behavior would be deviant because it would break the norm for how professors usually deliver lectures and it would get a reaction from students.

question

Just like norms are not all equal, deviance ranges from informal to formal. We also call formal deviance...

answer

crime

question

What theory suggests that being labeled deviant can change a person's reputation, limit their access to social roles, and result in experiencing social stigma, including rejection, suspicion, withdrawal, fear, mistrust, and hatred? (pgs. 118-119)

answer

labeling theory

question

Remember Emile Durkheim (way back in Chapter 1)? He is a functionalist who looks at how each part of society serves a purpose. From a functionalist perspective, what purpose does deviance serve in a society?

answer

All of these are purposes that deviance may serve in a society.

question

What does deviance depend on?

answer

-group membership -culture and context/situation -age and time period

question

Who developed the Strain Theory to explain deviant behavior?

answer

Robert Merton

question

What do sociologists call the process through which deviant behavior is defined as a medical problem or illness and for which the medical profession would provide treatment? (page 126)

answer

medicalization

question

The author, on page 129 of our textbook, points out that "creating the image of deviants [people who are recognized for violating a social norm] as sick people who must be dealt with through medical therapies is a powerful way for dominant groups in society to" do what?

answer

maintain conformity and protect themselves from those who they fear or who challenge the way "normal" social life is organized

question

Since, as the author of our textbook suggests, norms come and go and change over time, each of us could be considered deviant in one way or another depending on our audience. Essentially then deviance is an issue of... (pg 129)

answer

social definition

question

Your textbook points out on page 121 that the incarceration rate in the United States (how many people in our population are in prison) is 748 prisoners per 100,000 people. Which industrialized countries have a higher incarceration rate than the U.S.?

answer

No other countries - the U.S. has the highest incarceration rate of all industrialized countries around the globe.

question

Deviance is all about context. If you ask a sociologist if a certain behavior is deviant, which of the phrases below is an example of how they would likely respond?

answer

it depends

question

In order to have deviance, what must you have first?

answer

norms (or social expectations/standards for behavior)

question

According to Strain Theory, for more people in a community or a society to reach a social goal, what would we need to do?

answer

We would need to make sure the socially acceptable ways of achieving the goal are available and working - often by providing more resources where they are lacking.

question

Which theory suggests that deviance is a process?

answer

labeling theory

question

What may cause a deviant label to be more likely to "stick" or have an effect on someone's identity and/or behavior?

answer

If it comes from a place of authority.

question

what is deviance

answer

the recognized violation of a norm 1. norm 2. violation 3. recognition

question

what does deviant always depends on

answer

the context

question

what is deviant

answer

a person or group of ppl that we recognized violation of a social norm

question

what is deviance that breaks the law

answer

crime

question

does deviance serves a purpose

answer

yes, because functionalism says that all parts of society serves a function

question

what are the 3 things deviance does for society

answer

-clarifies social norms (helps everyone just not them) -create social bonds (can create social changes) -highlight the norms of the problem

question

what does conflict theory says about deviance

answer

that deviance serves a purpose for functionalism but people are struggling for resources here

question

strain theory is a theory within what

answer

functionalism

question

what is strain theory

answer

a gap between the resources they have and their goal

question

what does Merton says about deviance

answer

it isn't a person problem it's a system problem most of the time most of us buy into the social goal and buy into the socially acceptable ways to achieve the social goal most of us conform some of us are innovators (criminals)

question

does punishment decrease deviance

answer

no to decrease deviance you have to increase resources, because its not the people its the system

question

According to our textbook (page 164), the average CEO (Cheif Executive Officer) in the U.S. made $24 for every $1 earned by the average worker in 1965. In 2009, the average CEO made $185 for every $1 earned by the average worker. This is an example of how U.S. _____________has increased over the past several decades - in fact, the difference in pay between our highest earners and our lowest earners is greater than any other industrialized country in the world.

answer

income inequality

question

All societies have stratification, but the _________ for ranking groups of people changes.

answer

criteria

question

Chapter 10 opens with a discussion of the Titanic. What sociological term was this discussion referencing?

answer

life chances

question

And, who gave us the term that refers to our opportunities for and access to favorable life conditions (resources)?

answer

Max Weber

question

From a sociological perspective, what are examples of "favorable life conditions"?

answer

quality education, quality health care, safe housing, well-paying jobs

question

If a child is born into a family that lacks the most basic necessities for sustaining life, like food and shelter, the baby is born into what type of poverty?

answer

absolute poverty

question

If we compare an individual's economic position with the living standards of the majority in a society and determine that they their economic position cannot give the access to the same living standards as the majority of people in that society, then we consider them living in what type of poverty?

answer

relative poverty

question

What social resources are underclass communities lacking?

answer

-quality healthcare and nutrition -quality education -access to quality jobs (well-paying with prestige)

question

On page 166 of our textbook, at the end of the section titled "The Social 'Benefits' of Poverty," the author suggests that poverty in the U.S. will only be eliminated when...

answer

"it becomes dysfunctional for people who aren't poor"

question

Stratification is a system of unequal ranking - what type of stratification system is based on land ownership and birth, with typically three groups: aristocracy (royals or lords), clergy (religious leaders), and commoners (peasants, merchants, artisans, serfs)?

answer

the feudal or estate stratification system

question

What do we call the "cultural belief that those who succeed in society are those who work hardest and have the best abilities and that those who suffer don't work hard enough or lack the necessary traits or abilities"?

answer

competitive individualism (based on the idea that the system is a meritrocracy)

question

Who are the "near-poor" or "working poor" according to our US Census Bureau?

answer

those who technically earn higher than the poverty line but still struggle to earn enough to remain financially stable if (when) faced with illness, injury, loss of an automobile or major house appliance, family break-up, etc.

question

Which of the following countries has the highest rate of children living in poverty?

answer

The United States

question

What word do sociologists use to describe the positive reputation a person or status has? In other words, if in society, I can demand a lot of respect, honor, and credibility, then I have a high level of __________.

answer

prestige

question

What term do we use to refer to a large group of people who rank closely to one another in economic, social, and political resources?

answer

social class

question

What term do sociologists use to describe someone's ability to get what they want, even when faced with obstacles? In other words, if someone has a lot of _______ in society or attached to a status, they are more likely to be able to protect their own interests and affect decisions that will benefit them.

answer

power

question

What stratification system is based on birth - where your occupation, lifestyle and prestige are determined by the family you are born into and cannot change?

answer

the caste stratification system

question

What is the term we use to refer to "the ability to move from one class to another" or, as your textbooks puts it, "movement of people or groups from one class to another"?

answer

social mobility

question

What does the term "colonization" refer to?

answer

the process of expanding economic markets by invading and establishing control over a another country and its people

question

Which is not an indicator of your SES (socioeconomic status)?

answer

-enthusiasm -compassion -intelligence ***none of these are indicators of a person's SES

question

t/f those with the most resources(economics, power, prestige) have the power to define deviance

answer

true

question

what is prestige

answer

positive reputation

question

labeling theory is within which theory

answer

symbiotic interactionism

question

what is labeling theory

answer

says that deviance is a process, and when you label someone deviant and the label sticks you will see more deviance...how you label someone effects their behavior

question

what is criminalization

answer

the process of labeling deviance as a crime

question

what is stratification

answer

a system of unequal ranking (status)

question

t/f all societies are stratified

answer

true

question

in all stratified societies does the criteria for ranking change

answer

yes

question

what are the top 3 statuses that are stratified

answer

class, gender, and race

question

social mobility

answer

the ability to move up or down in the stratification system

question

open stratifications are

answer

social mobility, achieved, class,

question

closed stratifications are

answer

no social mobility, ascribed, caste system (slavery), feudal system

question

socioeconomic status (ses)

answer

similar to social class it's part money and part your status

question

top indicators of ses

answer

-income -occupation -education -place of residence

question

what are the 7 social classes

answer

1.upper upper class 2.upper class 3.upper middle class 4.middle class 5.lower middle class (working class) 6.lower class 7.underclass

question

what is income

answer

any money brought in during a given period of time

question

underclass is defined as

answer

hypersegregated from resources

question

t/f luck and chance play a role in social class

answer

true

question

do the poor get more? if so more of what

answer

yes. -pay more for products and housing -arrested more -watched more -more likely to victims of crime -more likely to suffer from chronic illness -more likely to deal with inadequate nutrition

question

what is wealth

answer

assets, something accumulated over time

question

equation to know your net worth

answer

add up assets (own) subtract debt (owe)

question

is wealth or income dependent on you

answer

wealth

question

what's a negative net worth

answer

spend more than you have

question

structural reasons to why people are poor

answer

-a decrease in the economy leads to an increase in poverty -the lower status of women leads to an increase in poverty -a decrease in the social support for the poor leads to an increase in poverty

question

what is sex

answer

a biological category, categories defined by your anatomy... genitalia, chromosomes, and hormones

question

what does the categories related to sex determines

answer

if you're a male, female, or intersex

question

what termed i normally used for sex

answer

dichotomy

question

what is gender

answer

a social or cultural category

question

what is gender dependent on

answer

context and not biology

question

gender also share the 5 characteristics of culture

answer

-shared -learned -symbiotic -taken for granted -changes over time and from place to place

question

How long does gender socialization last?

answer

It is lifelong (from birth - or before - to death)

question

The author of our textbook discusses rape and sexual assault in our chapter on gender. What two American norms does he suggest foster a climate of sexual violence in our culture?

answer

the objectifcation of women and the glorification of male assertiveness

question

According to our textbook,___________ is the "subordination of women that is part of the everyday workings of economics, law, politics, and other social institutions." In other words, this refers to the status of women occupying a lower rank within societal systems (on the macro scale).

answer

institutional sexism

question

In Western cultures we are typically comfortable with just two categories of sex that we have medically defined as female and male and believe are permanent, universal, exhaustive and mutually exlusive; what is this set of beliefs called?

answer

sexual dichotomy (seeing sex as a binary)

question

In the United States, and throughout the world, women and children are more likely to be poor than men. We have a phrase to refer to this pattern of poverty. What is it?

answer

the feminization of poverty

question

Our self-definition of who we are in terms of our gender/sex is called our _________ ?

answer

gender identity

question

Our textbook discusses the gender wage gap in detail. A common definition of this term is the gap (difference) between the median (average) wages (income) for full-time working women and for men. The gap in the United States is about 20 cents (at the time of the book's publication is was 23 cents). So, on average, a man's earning power is $1.20 for every dollar a woman earns. Which of the following statements is an accurate statement regarding this pattern of wage inequality?

answer

1.Women with earned doctoral degrees (7-11 year degree) have a lower earning power than men with a bachelor's degree (4 year degree). 2.The wage gap changes when we account for race; the gap for African American women is about 30 cents and the gap for Latinas is about 40 cents. 3.The wage gap widens (gets bigger) with age.

question

Research shows that the way we interact with babies is highly influenced by our perception of their gender. In an experiment with a baby reacting to a jack-in-the-box toy, participants who were told the baby was a girl interpretted the baby's reaction to the toy (crying) as fear. When participants were told the baby was a boy, how did they interpret the baby's reaction?

answer

as anger

question

Sex refers to our biology; whereas, gender refers to the ________we give to our biology.

answer

meaning

question

The phrase "doing gender" reminds us that gender is...

answer

a performance

question

What is one of the primary ways that gender inequality is maintained in the workforce, through the separation of "men's" work and "women's" work?

answer

sex segregation

question

What is the belief that suggests a sex is inferior to others and justifies unequality treatment and value based on gender?

answer

sexism

question

What type of status is gender?

answer

achieved

question

What type of status is sex?

answer

ascribed

question

Although we commonly think of sex as only two exclusive categories, what biological reality challenges this system? In other words, babies who are born and not medically defined as female or male are identified as....

answer

intersex

question

Which of the following is an accurate statement about gender?

answer

1.Gender changes over time and over the life course. 2.Gender varies from culture to culture. 3.Gender varies within a society.

question

Conforming to gender norms and traditional gender roles seems to be of greater concern to men than women in U.S. culture.

answer

true

question

Quid pro quo sexual harassment happens more often than hostile environment sexual harassment.

answer

false

question

What country has the highest rate of women as elected officials? (Check this information out on page 213!)

answer

Rwanda (56% of elected officials are women)

question

What do we call "the process of treating humans like objects rather than people? Your book points out on page 299 that this process is often applied to women more than men.

answer

objectification

question

As women enter jobs that are predominantly occupied by men, the average salary for the job decreases. What phrase do we use to refer to this pattern?

answer

the feminization of professions

question

Our gender identity is both voluntary (we chose it) and HIGHLY, HIGHLY coerced (we are told what we should choose over and over again). Gender identity affects how we view our own ________, as well as the_______ of others. (same word for both blanks)

answer

abilities

question

This theory suggests that women should have equal political, social, sexual, economic and intellectual rights to men. In other words, women should have the same access to education, jobs, health care, prestige and power in a society. What is this theory? Here's a hint: Most people believe in the ideas that go along with this theory - that men and women should have equal rights, yet they are still hesistant to identity with this theory as a personal "label".

answer

the theory of feminism (the label of feminist)

question

What happens to the wage gap as women move up the professional ladder (move into higher ranking positions in the workforce)? Here's a hint (you're welcome!): The average female CEO earns 33 cents for every dollar a male CEO earns. (Holy Wowza!)

answer

the wage gap gets bigger (meaning the difference between what men get paid and what women get paid gets bigger)

question

What term do we use to refer to the pattern of men getting promoted faster and receiving raises more often when in traditionally female dominated fields?

answer

the glass escalator

question

what forms our gender identity

answer

sex and gender

question

gender identity

answer

our sense of being male, female, masculine, or feminine

question

gender is

answer

1.voluntarily 2a.affects of beliefs about our own abilities 2b.affects our beliefs about other abilities 3.it is HIGHLY coerced

question

doing gender

answer

reminds us that its a performance and take props and scripts

question

gender stratification

answer

system where gender is unequal

question

gender/sex segregation

answer

males and females work different and separate roles in the economy

question

gender wage gap

answer

difference in pay b/w full-time men and women

question

t/f the higher up you go in your professional career the wage gap gets bigger for men

answer

true

question

feminization of poverty

answer

women are more likely than men to experience poverty than men

question

feminization of professions

answer

as women enter predominately male occupied professions the salary decreases

question

glass ceiling

answer

women can see and qualify for positions, but there's an invisible barrier that prevents them from that profession

question

glass escalator

answer

men are promoted faster and get raises more often in female dominated positions

question

sexual harassment

answer

unwelcomed sexual advancement

question

2 types of sexual harassment

answer

quid pro quo and hostile environment

question

quid pro quo

answer

must involve unequal power "this for that"

question

hostile environment

answer

have to be able to prove that the environment made it difficult or impossible to do your work ~happens most often, hardest to prove, affects your ability to earn money

Sociology Final ch. 8,10,12,11 – Flashcards

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