question

children raised by animals that possess animal-like qualities and instincts

answer

feral children

question

___ is the key to culture because without it people could not develop thoughts or communicate experiences.

answer

language

question

show what humans might be like without interaction with society from an early age

answer

isolated children

question

prove that traits such as intelligence, cooperation, and friendliness are the result of early close relations with other humans

answer

institutionalized children

question

the process by which people learn the characteristics of their group (knowledge, skills, attitude, values, norms, and actions that are are appropriate) through interaction with others

answer

socialization

question

the unique human capacity of being able to see ourselves "from the outside" (the view we internalize of how others see us)

answer

self

question

term coined by Charles Cooley that refers to the process by which our self develops through internalizing others' reactions to us

answer

looking-glass self

question

three steps of Cooley's looking-glass self

answer

we imagine how we look to others we interpret others' reactions we develop a self-concept

question

George Mead's development of putting yourself in someone else's shoes to understand how they feel and think to anticipate how they will act

answer

taking the role of the other

question

an individual who significantly influences someone else (a parent or sibling)

answer

significant other

question

the norms, values, attitudes, and expectations of people "in general"

answer

generalized other

question

Mead's three stages to development of self

answer

imitation play games

question

no sense of self separate from others

answer

imitation

question

pretending to take the role of specific others

answer

play

question

organized play and learning to take multiple roles

answer

games

question

two parts of the self according to Mead

answer

I me

question

self as the subject the active, spontaneous, and creative part of the self

answer

I

question

self as the object made up of attitudes we internalize

answer

me

question

Jean Piaget's four stages of development

answer

sensorimotor preoperational concrete operational formal operational

question

birth - 2 understanding in limited to direct contact not able to "think" no understanding of cause and effect

answer

sensorimotor stage

question

age 2 - 7 develop ability to use symbols do not understand size, speed, or causation

answer

preoperational stage

question

age 7 - 12 no understanding of something that cannot be represented by an examples (nothing abstract)

answer

concrete operational stage

question

age 12 + capable of abstract thinking

answer

formal operational stage

question

Sigmund Freud's three elements of personality

answer

id ego superego

question

inborn basic drives that cause us to seek self-gratification and demand of basic needs

answer

id

question

a balancing force between the id and the demands of society that suppress it

answer

ego

question

the conscious that balances the other two elements the internalized norms and values of our social groups and the moral components that represent the culture within us

answer

superego

question

Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of development of morality

answer

amoral preconventional conventional postconventional

question

no right or wrong - just personal needs that need to be satisfied

answer

amoral stage

question

learned rules and follow them to stay out of trouble to get rewards and avoid punishment

answer

preconventional

question

morality means following norms and values learned up to that point of life

answer

conventional stage

question

individuals reflect on abstract principles of right and wrong and judge people's behavior based on these principles

answer

postconventional stage

question

studied the differences in morality between males and females based on personal relationships rejected Kohlberg's theory of morality

answer

Carol Gilligan

question

Paul Ekman's six basic emotions that depend on socialization

answer

anger disgust fear happiness sadness surprise

question

people or groups that influence our orientations toward life

answer

agents of socialization

question

the paths set our for us because we are male or female

answer

gender socialization (gender map)

question

the process of learning new norms, values, attitudes, actions, etc. that are contrary to those you have previously learned

answer

resocialization

question

the same rules apply to all people

answer

universality

question

values not explicitly taught but inherent in school activities

answer

hidden curriculum

question

values taught by children to each other outside of the classroom

answer

corridor curriculum

question

a group of individuals that are often around the same age who are linked by common interests and orientations

answer

peer group

question

eight agents of socialization

answer

mass media family neighborhood religion day care school peer groups workplace

question

a place that is totally controlled by those who run it, in which people are cut off from the rest of society

answer

total institution

question

a ritual whose goal is to remake someone's self by stripping away that individual's identity and stamp a new one in its place

answer

degradation ceremony

question

five stages of the life course

answer

childhood adolescence transitional adulthood (adultolescence) middle years older years

question

stages of our life from birth until death

answer

life course

question

children are seen as needing guidance and stimulation (childhood stage)

answer

industrialization

question

marking the passage from childhood to adulthood (adolescent stage)

answer

initiation rites

question

___ serves as the primary basis for social inequality.

answer

gender

question

demonstrated that there are major differences between males and females and how they interpret the cultural expectations of gender

answer

Melissa Milkie

question

researchers who proved the importance of early intimate physical contact and learning studied rhesus monkeys to help prove their ideas

answer

Harry and Margaret Harlow

question

researcher who demonstrated that the difference in the supervision of children is a matter of the social class and occupational status of the parents

answer

Melvin Kohn

question

most sociologists reject ___'s idea of ___ because it states that our inborn and subconscious motivations are the primary reasons for our behavior (this goes against sociology altogether).

answer

Freud psychoanalysis

question

sociologist who studied feral children (including Isabelle in 1938)

answer

Kingsley Davis

question

analysis of social life that focuses on broad features of society (social class and group relationships) used by functionalists and conflict theorists

answer

macrosociology

question

analysis of social life that focuses on social interaction (small-scale, face-to-face) used by symbolic interactionists

answer

microsociology

question

the framework of society that was already laid out before birth the typical patterns of a group that guide our behaviors

answer

social structure

question

six major components of social structure

answer

culture social class social status roles groups social institutions

question

what people do when they are in one another's presence

answer

social interaction

question

large numbers of people who have similar amounts of income and education and who work at jobs that are roughly comparable in prestige

answer

social class

question

the positions that an individual occupies

answer

social status

question

all the statuses that an individual occupies

answer

status set

question

position an individual either inherits at birth of receives involuntarily later in life

answer

ascribed status

question

positions that are earned, accomplished, or involve at least some effort or activity based on the individual's part

answer

achieved status

question

signs that people use who want others to recognize that they occupy a certain status

answer

status symbols

question

status that cuts across all other statuses that an individual occupies

answer

master status

question

ranking high on some dimensions of social status and low on others

answer

status inconsistency

question

behaviors, obligations, and privileges that are attached to a status the layout of what is expected of people

answer

roles

question

a person occupies a ___ but plays a ___.

answer

status role

question

people who interact with one another and who believe that what they have in common is significant (their roles, values, and norms)

answer

group

question

the organized, usual, or standard ways by which society meets its basic needs

answer

social institutions

question

five functional requisites that each society must meet to survive

answer

replacing members socializing new members producing and distributing goods and services preserving order providing a sense of purpose

question

in ___ societies, social institutions tend to be more formal.

answer

industrialized

question

ten types of social institutions

answer

family religion law politics economics education science medicine military mass media

question

the degree to which members of a group are united by their shared values and other social bonds

answer

social cohesion (integration)

question

the unity people feel as a result of performing the same or similar tasks

answer

mechanical solidarity

question

the splitting of a group's or society's tasks into specialties

answer

division of labor

question

the interdependence that results from division of labor being part of the same unit means depending on others to fulfill their jobs

answer

organic solidarity

question

sociologist responsible for social cohesion (integration) and mechanical and organic solidarity

answer

Emile Durkheim

question

a type of society in which life is intimate a community in which everyone knows everyone else and the people share a sense of togetherness

answer

Gemeinschaft

question

a type of society that is dominated by impersonal relationships, individual accomplishments, and self-interest

answer

Gesellschaft

question

sociologist responsible for Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft

answer

Ferdinand Tonnies

question

assumptions of what people are like in everyday life

answer

stereotypes

question

physical space that surrounds us that we call our own

answer

personal space

question

distance of 18 inches or less

answer

intimate

question

distance of 18 inches to 4 feet

answer

personal

question

distance of 4 to 12 feet

answer

social

question

distance of 12 feet or more

answer

public

question

the way in which people use their bodies to give messages to others

answer

body language

question

anthropologist who studied the four personal distance zones

answer

Edward Hall

question

the name given to an approach pioneered by Erving Goffman that analyzes social life in terms of drama or the stage

answer

dramaturgy

question

places where people give their performances

answer

front stage

question

place where people rest from their performances, discuss them, and plan future ones

answer

back stage

question

the ways in which someone performs a role showing their style and personality

answer

role performance

question

someone feels torn between roles because the expectations are at odds with one another (many roles at once)

answer

role conflict

question

someone feels torn within a role (one role at a time)

answer

role strain

question

how people use their social setting, appearance, and manner to communicate information about the self

answer

sign vehicles

question

the collaboration of two or more people to pull off a performance

answer

teamwork

question

techniques used to salvage a performance or interaction that is going badly

answer

face-saving behavior

question

pretending the bad performance or interaction never happened

answer

studied nonobservance

question

the study of how people use background assumptions (commonsense understandings) to make sense out of life developed by Harold Garfinkel

answer

ethnomethodology

question

deeply embedded, common understandings of how the world operates and how people should act with people in certain situations

answer

background assumptions

question

formulation of the definition of the situation (if people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences) William and Dorothy Thomas

answer

Thomas theorem

question

behavior depends on ___ interpretation (definition of reality) in any social interaction.

answer

subjective

question

the use of background assumptions and life experiences to define what is real

answer

social construction of reality

question

the broadest framework that determines what kind of people we will become is ___.

answer

social structure

question

expectations that guide our behavior are called ___.

answer

norms

question

___ provides the guidelines for how we are to act and feel.

answer

social status

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