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-The process by which people act toward or respond to other people and is the foundation for all relationships and groups in society -Small-scale process, whereas social structure is bigger

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Social interaction-

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-Complex framework of society institutions (economy, politics, and religion) and the social practices (social rules) that make up a society and that organize and establish limits on people's behavior. -Survival of society and well-being of individuals

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Social Structure-

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-How we interact w/ others -Stable pattern of social relationship that exist within a particular group -Recurring patterns of behavior that create relationships among individuals and groups

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Social Structure

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creates order and predictability in society

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Functional Social Structure

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-maintain that there is more to social structure than is visible -Creates boundaries that define which persons or groups will be "insiders" and which will be "outsiders"

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Conflict Social Structure

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state of being part insider and part outsider

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Social marginality

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Physical or social attribute or sign that so devalues a person's social identity

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stigma-

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1). Status: Socially defined position (social) in a group or society characterized by certain expectations, rights, and duties. 2). Roles: Expected behavior in a group's or society's definition of the way that specific role ought to be played 3). Groups 4). Norms 5). Institutions

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Several Elements:

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Comprises all the status that a person occupies at a given time.

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Status Set-

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-Most important status occupied and one that affects almost every aspect of a person's life -Teacher/ Grandma/ Parents -Occupation provides clues to education level, income, and family background.

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Master status-

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-Position assigned on the basis of a characteristic which he/she has no control of -Age, sex, class, race or role -People's ascribed statuses have significant influence on achieved statuses

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Ascribed Status-

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-Position occupied as a result of one's own effort -Choice, Merit, Effort, Etc. Competition -Race, gender, and age affect each person's opportunity to acquire certain achieved statuses -People who are disadvantaged by their ascribed statuses may more easily acquire negative achieved statuses -Occupation, education, and income level

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Achieved Status-

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Material signs that inform others of a person's specific status Wedding rings Grocery carts full of stuff can indicate something or a homeless person on the street

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Status Symbols-

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Expected behavior associated with a particular status culturally defined

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Social Roles-

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-How a person actually plays that role. -Does not always match role expectation -Based on range of acceptable behaviors rather than strict standards

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role performance-

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Occurs when the expectations associated with a role are unclear

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Role ambiguity-

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-When incompatible role demands are placed on a person by two or more statuses held at the same time most people occupy a number of statuses -Prioritize the roles and first complete the one we consider to be the most important -Changing statuses and roles in society

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Role Conflict-

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Occurs when incompatible demands are build into a single status that a person occupies Takes place with a single status

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Role Strain-

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-Occurs when people consciously foster the impression of a lack of commitment or attachment to a particular role and merely go through the motions of role performance -"Self" implied in role -Guy working at fast food but say he doesn't work there

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Role Distancing-

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-Occurs when people disengage from social roles that have been central to their self-identity -Exited voluntarily from significant role nuns, convicts, divorced people -Doubt (frustration or burnout) -Search for Alternatives (take a leave of absence) -Turning Point at which people realize that they must go to the final action -Creation of new identity

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Role Exit-

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Two or more people who interact frequently and share a common identity and feeling of interdependence

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Social group-

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Small, less specialized group in which members engage in face-to face, emotion interactions over an extended period of time. Personal friends, family, and peers

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Primary Group-

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Larger, more specialized group in which members engage in more-impersonal, goal-orientated relationships for a limited period of time Acquaintances Schools, Churches, Coporations=

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Secondary Group-

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Groups ability to maintain itself in the face of obstacles Social bonds, attractions, or other forces.

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Social Solidarity-

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A highly structured group for the purpose of completing certain tasks or achieving specific goals colleges, corporations, or the government

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Formal Organization-

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set of organized beliefs and rules that establishes how a society will attempt to meets its basic social needs.

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Social Institutions-

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Family Religion Economy Government Emergent (sports, mass media, science/ medicine, military)

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5 basic Social Institutions

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Replacing members Teaching new members Producing, distributing and consuming goods and services Preserving order Providing and maintaining a sense of purpose

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Functionalist Views on Social Institutions

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Conflict theories agree with functionalist that social institutions are originally organized to meet basic needs They DISAGREE...that social institutions work for the common good of everyone.

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Conflict Views on Social Institutions

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-Use simple technology for hunting animals and gathering vegetation -Human existence until about 10,000 years ago Spears, bows, arrows, nets, traps, and digging sticks for plant collecting -Social unit- kinship group or family -Small groups of 25-40 -Remain on the move and a permanent settlement -Women- relative equality Children and older people contribute what they can to secure food supply

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Hunting and Gathering Societies-

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-13,000- 7,000 B.C.E -Collecting food to producing food the depletion of the supply of large game animals as a source of food -Increase in the size of the human population to feed -Dramatic weather -Why did some societies become horticultural while others became pastoral? Water supply, terrain and soils are three critical factors in whether horticultural activities

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Horticultural and Pastoral Societies

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Water supply, terrain and soils are three critical factors in whether horticultural activities

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Why did some societies become horticultural while others became pastoral?

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-Based on technology that supports the domestication of large animals to provide food -Mountainous regions and areas with low amounts of annual rainfall -Nomadic as they seek grazing lands -Gender inequality is greater is pastoral societies because men herd the large animals and women contribute relatively little to subsistence production -Some cultures women are just needed to produce male offspring

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Pastoral societies-

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-Are based on technology that supports the cultivation of plants to provide food -Emerged in more fertile areas Establish more-permanent family ties -Less nomadic lifestyle of the horticulturalists because this made planting more efficient and productive -people become more sedentary- settled for longer nomadic, -children are viewed as an economic assets: cultivate crops, tend flocks, or care for younger siblings -Unless there are fires, floods, droughts, or environmental problems, herding animals and farming are more reliable sources of food than hunting and gathering. -As the food supply grows, not everyone needs to be engaged in food production -Horticultural and pastoral societies are less egalitarian than hunter-gatherers, and the idea of property rights emerges as people establish more- permanent settlements contemporary horticultural societies, women do most of the farming while men hunt game, arts and crafts

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Horticultural societies-

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-Use the technology of large-scale farming, including animal-drawn or energy-powered plows and equipment, to produce their food supply. 5-6,000 years ago -Mesopotamia and Egypt and later in China -Entire lives in the same location, and food surpluses made it possible for people to live in cities. -animals and plows: easy to generate large surplus in food -Social inequality is the HIGHEST of all preindustrial societies in both GENDER and -CLASS: Landlords- own the fields and harvests produced by peasants Inheritance is crucial Wealthy- extract labor, rent, and taxation from workers Peasants- Live on land for exchange of part of their harvest No political power Suppressed through force or military power Men gain control over food surplus and kinship Require more labor and strength than the horticultural ones Women may be excluded do to their "weakness" Child care responsibilities Private Sphere (inside the home)

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Agrarian Societies-

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Own the fields and harvests produced by peasants Inheritance is crucial

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Who are the landlords?

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Extract labor, rent, and taxation from workers

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Wealthy-

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Live on land for exchange of part of their harvest (agarian)

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Peasants-

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-Based on the technology that mechanized production -Originating in England during Industrial Revolution -Predominantly rural and agrarian societies into urban and industrial societies -Application of scientific knowledge to the technology of production. This makes it possible for machines to do the work previously done by people or animals -Steam engine, machinery, trains, steamships, and electric lights -Undependable natural sources of physical labor -Possible for people to work 24 hours -Most live near the cities Social institutions are transformed by industrialism -Family diminishes in significance as the economy, education, and political institutions grow in size and complexity. -family is now a consumption unit, not a production unit -Traditional religion is diminished Democratic form of government - As S. Korea, China, and Mexico become more industrialized people intensify political participation -Standard of living rises but social inequality is still a problem -Men are "breadwinners" and women are "homemakers"

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Industrial Societies-

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-Is one in which technology supports a service and information based economy -"service economy"-service to others -Produce knowledge that becomes a commodity -Generate goods, services, or more knowledge -Economy is based on involvement w/ people -Previous forms of production i.e. agriculture and manufacturing do not disappear but become more efficient

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Postindustrial Societies-

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Large #'s of people either provide or apply information (IT specialities or employed in service jobs)

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Information explosion-

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- "How do societies manage to hold together?" -Developed typology

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Mechanical and Organic Solidarity Durkheim-

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classification scheme to containing two or more mutually exclusive categories

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typology-

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Refers to how the various tasks of a society are divided up and performed Social solidarity derives from a society's social structure, is based on division of labor Pre Industrial societies are held together by strong traditions and moral beliefs

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Division of labor-

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Refers to the social cohesion of preindustrial societies, in which there is a minimal division of labor and people feel united by shared values and common social bonds. People in the pre-industrial societies feel a more or less sense of belonging

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Mechanical Solidarity-

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Similarity of individuals who feel connected because they engage in the same type of work and have similar religious, education, and lifestyles.

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Social cohesion-

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face-to face, intimate, primary-group relationships. Little specialization is found in division of labor

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Social interaction-

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-Social cohesion found in industrial (and postindustrial) societies, in which people perform very specialized tasks and feel united by their mutual dependence -Individuals in industrial societies come to rely on one another -Social interaction is less personal, more status oriented, and more focused on specific goals and objectives.

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Organic solidarity-

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-Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft to characterize the degree of social solidarity and social control in societies

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Ferdinand Tonnies

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-Traditional society in which social relationships are based on personal bonds of friendship and kinship and on intergenerational stability "commune" or "community" -Ascribed (from birth) rather than achieved (acquired) status. -Commitment to the entire group and togetherness -Focus more on the needs and interests of the group (limited privacy and External social control is seldom needed)

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Gemeinschaft-

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-Is a large, urban society in which social bonds are based on impersonal and specialized relationships, with little long-term commitment to the group or consensus on values. -Relationships are based on achieved statuses and interactions among people are rational and calculated -Based on Education level -Little in common with one another

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Gesellschaft-

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rural, sense of community (similarities), intimate, primary focus on personal relationships, social control on an informal basis, ascribed statuses most important, limited social change.

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Overall Gemeinschaft:

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urban, lack of feeling of community, impersonal, primary focus on tasks or goals accomplished, formal social control, achieved statuses most important, and social change is prevalent.

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Overall Gesellschaft

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Gesellschaft-prevailing value is that people should be able to take care of themselves Politicians-little or no responsibility to the homeless Answers we give are based on our social construction of the reality of life for the homeless

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Social Structure and the homeless

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Erving Goffman Civil inattention-ways in which an individual shows an awareness that another is present without making this person the object of particular attention Interaction order-that people engage in civil inattention demonstrates that interaction does have a pattern

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Goffman

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ways in which an individual shows an awareness that another is present without making this person the object of particular attention -Goffman

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Civil inattention-

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That people engage in civil inattention demonstrates that interaction does have a pattern Goffman

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Interaction order

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-The process by which our perception of reality is largely shaped by the subjective meaning -We act on reality as we see it -Describes this process as the definition of the situation-analyze a social context in which we find ourselves, determine what is in our best interest, and adjust our attitudes

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The Social Construction of Reality-

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-A false belief or prediction that produces behavior that makes the originally false belief come true. -dominant-group members with prestigious statuses may have the ability to establish how other people define reality

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Self-fulfilling prophecy-

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Is the study of the commonsense knowledge that people use to understand the situations in which they find themselves Harold Garfinkel

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Ethnomethodology

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Ethno- "people" or "folk" and methodology for a "system of methods"

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Ethno-

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1). Criticized for not recognizing the ongoing ways in which people create reality and produce their own world 2). Examine existing patterns of conventional behavior in order to uncover the people's background 3). Shared interpretation and events 4). Ethnomethodologists frequently break the social norms to understand basic rule of social life. 5). Does not examine the impact of macro level social institutions

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Ethnomethodology- Harold Garfinkel

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study of social interactions have much in common with being on stage or in a dramatic production Through culture status and roles we are actors and actresses in life

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Dramaturgy (Goffman)-

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-A playbook that actors use to guide their verbal replies and overall performance to achieve the desired goal of the conversation or fulfill the role they are playing. -More than one way to interpret a "script" -Members of our "audience" judge our performance and are aware that we may slop and reveal our true character

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Social script-

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(Presentation of self) Refers to the people's efforts to present themselves to others in ways that are most favorable to their own interests or image

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Impression management-

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refers to the strategies we use to rescue our performance when we experience a potential or actual loss of face Must keep the play ongoing so they can maintain their overall definition of the situation in which they perform

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face-saving behavior-

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face saving technique in which one role player ignores the flaws in another's performance to avoid embarrassment for everyone involved

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nonobservance-

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area in which the player performs a specific role before the audience

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Front stage-

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Area where the player is not required to perform a specific role because it is out of the view of the given audience

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Back stage-

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Emotions are biologically given sense but they also social in origin We are socialized to feel certain emotions and learn how and when to express those emotions

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Sociology of Emotions

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Set of Feeling Rules -Shapes our appropriate emotions for a given role or situation -Demonstrated how middle-upper class individuals outsource emotional labor in the more intimate aspects of their lives such as having other people professionally plan birthdays/ weddings "outsourced self"-individuals defer most out their emotional labor onto others.

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Arlie hochschild

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Occurs only in jobs that require personal contact with the public or the production of a state of mind. Race is important May produce feelings of estrangement from one's "true" self- C. Wright Mills "sell our personality"

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Emotional labor

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Transfer of information between persons without the use of words -gestures, first impressions, appearances, vocal features, and environmental factors

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Non-Verbal

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demeanor-how we behave or conduct ourselves is relative to social power. wider range of permissible actions than are their subordinates

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Goffman-

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Means by which subordinates give a required permissive response to those in power; Regard to facial expression, eye contact, and touching symbolic of our relationships with others eye contact can be a sign of domination or deference Deference also required that they present an "exaggeratedly subservient demeanor"

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Deference-symbolic

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immediate area surrounding a person that a person claims as private invisible boundary surrounding our body

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Personal Space-

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Edward hall-first described concept of personal space and identified four dimensions of this space Intimate distance-high level of intimacy between two persons including touching Personal distance- two persons who know each other with a relative intimacy such as friends or family Social distance- impersonal form of communication or business interaction public distance- no intimacy exists between a speaker on a platform and an audience where the distance is greater than 13 feet

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Personal Space

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South America, Southern, Eastern Europeans, and Arabs.

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What countries requires less personal space?

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the methods and tools that are available for acquiring the basic needs of daily

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subsistence technology- =

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elated to the technology that is available and the economic structure of the society

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Techno Economics bases-

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