sociology – chapter 5 (groups and networks) – Flashcards
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dyad
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a group of 2
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triad
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a group of 3
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roles of the entering third party in a triad
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mediator tertius gaudens (Latin for "the third that rejoices") divide et impera (Latin for "divide and conquer")
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mediator
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member of a triad who attempts to resolve conflict between the two other actors in the group
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tertius gaudens
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Latin for "the third that rejoices" the new third member of a triad who benefits from conflict b/w the other two members of the group
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divide et impera
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Latin for "divide and conquer" the role of a member of a triad who intentionally drives a wedge b/w the other two actors in the group
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Georg Simmel - his types of groups that are larger than triads
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small groups, parties, and large groups
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small group
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a group characterized by face-to-face interaction, a unifocal perspective, lack of formal arrangements, and a certain level of equality
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party
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a group that is similar to a small group but multifocal
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large group
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a group characterized by the presence of a formal structure that mediates interaction and, consequently, status differentiation
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Charles Horton Cooley - his types of groups
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primary groups, secondary groups
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primary groups
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social groups, such as family or friends, composed of intimate face-to-face relationships that strongly influence the attitudes and ideals of those involved
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secondary groups
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groups marked by impersonal, instrumental relationships (those existing as a means to an end) impersonal = you may or may not know all the members of the group example of this group = labor unions
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in-group
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another term for the powerful group, most often the majority
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out-group
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another term for the stigmatized or less powerful group, the minority
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reference group
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a group that helps us understand or make sense of our position in society relative to other groups
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social network
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a set of relations - essentially, a set of dyads - held together by ties b/w individuals
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tie
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a set of stories that explains our relationship to the other members of our network
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narrative
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the sum of stories contained in a set of ties
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Asch test
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an experiment developed in the 1940s that shows how much people are influenced by the actions or norms of a group
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embeddedness
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the degree to which ties are reinforced through indirect paths within a social network the more embedded a tie is, the stronger it is
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Mark Granovetter
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developed the concept of the "strength of weak ties" to explain that relatively weak ties can actually be quite valuable because they are more likely to provide new opportunities than a strongly embedded tie
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strength of weak ties
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the notion that relatively weak ties often turn out to be quite valuable because they yield new information
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structural hole
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a gap between network clusters, or even two individuals, if those individuals (or clusters) have complementary resources
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social capital
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the information, knowledge of people or ideas, and connections that help individuals enter preexisting networks or gain power in them The existence of high levels of social capital in a community generally means that the community is tightly knit and can come together to face challenges and make improvements. ...civic engagement
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six degrees of separation
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each one of us is connected to every other person by social chains of no more than 6 people evidence for this theory came from research done by Stanley Milgram - PAGE 169
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organization
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any social network that is defined by a common purpose and has a boundary between its membership and the rest of the social world
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organizational culture
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the shared beliefs and behaviors within a social group
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organizational structure
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the ways in which power and authority are distributed within an organizatio
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formal vs. informal organizations
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Formal organizations have a set of governing structures and rules for their internal set-up while informal organizations do not.
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isomorphism
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a constraining process that forces one organization to resemble others that face the same set of environmental conditions
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institutional isomorphism
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phrase coined by sociologists Paul DiMaggio and Walter Powell, who are part of a school of thought called new institutionalism, which tries to develop a sociological view of institutions
