Sociology Chapter 15 – Flashcards
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The concept "megalopolis" refers to which of the following?
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a vast urban region containing many cities and suburbs
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The environmental racism thesis falls within which theoretical approach?
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the social-conflict approach
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In the preindustrial stage of technological development, population
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increases very slowly, with a high birth rate offset by a high death rate
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A third urban revolution is now taking place in
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low-income nations
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The basic idea behind demographic transition theory is
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population patterns reflect a society's level of technological development.
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When in history did global population begin to spike upward?
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1750
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In low-income countries, increasing opportunities available to women are likely to
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All of these responses are correct.
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In terms of migration within the United States, the region of the country most often left behind is
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the heartland or Great Plains, from North Dakota down to Texas.
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Which of the following concepts was used by Ferdinand Tönnies to refer to a type of social organization in which people come together only on the basis of individual self-interest?
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Gesellschaft
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Why is the gradual loss of the world's rainforests an important environmental concern?
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Rainforests are vital to maintaining the planet's biodiversity and climate
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If a nation has a sex ratio of 108, as India does, it is very likely that parents there
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value sons more than daughters.
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Which of the following statements expresses the "limits to growth" thesis?
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We are rapidly consuming the Earth's finite resources.
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Fertility refers to
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the incidence of childbearing in a nation's population.
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Why are sex ratios usually below 100?
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Because women typically outlive men.
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About when did urban centralization-the industrial metropolis-reach its peak in the United States?
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1950
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According to Emile Durkheim, while traditional, rural societies were built on_____, modern urban societies are held together by _____.
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likeness; difference
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Among which of the following categories of the U.S. population is fertility low?
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Asian Americans
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Which of the following concepts refers to the study of the interaction of living organisms and the natural environment?
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ecology
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The United States is a high-income country; therefore, we would expect population increase to result from which of the following?
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both immigration and natural increase
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The demographic measure called the "sex ratio" refers to
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the number of males for every 100 females in the population.
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Currently, about how many people are added to the world's population each year?
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84 million
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How much did the world's population increase during the twentieth century?
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quadrupled.
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Most historians agree that the first city was
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Jericho
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Throughout most of human history, families had many children because
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All of these responses are correct.
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The Industrial Revolution influenced urbanization in many ways, including where cities were sited. If you were to look back in history, you would find that almost every U.S. city was founded
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on a waterway
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When did the world's population reach 1 billion?
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1800
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The concept "environmental deficit" refers to
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long-term harm to the environment caused by a short-sighted focus on material affluence
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In global perspective, the crude birth rate of high-income nations such as the United States is
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below average
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About how long ago in history did the first cities emerge?
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10,000 years ago
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Which of the following accounts for most water use in the world today?
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agriculture
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If you were to examine an age-sex pyramid for a low-income nation, you would expect to see which of the following patterns?
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a wide base, indicating a high birth rate
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Which of the following concepts refers to the number of live births in a given year for every thousand people in a population?
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crude birth rate
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In most poor nations of the world today, what is the average number of children born to a woman
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three
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If you were studying countries with very low infant mortality, in which of the following global regions would you be most likely to look?
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Europe
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Looking at countries around the world, what is the relationship between average income level and rate of population increase?
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The lower the average income, the greater the population increase.
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One region of the world has both the highest birth rate and the highest infant mortality rate. Which is it?
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Africa
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The concept "zero population growth" refers to the level of reproduction that
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maintains population at a steady level.
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Which of the following concepts refers to the optimistic approach to environmental issues that claims science can promote progress and solve environmental problems?
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the logic of growth
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Mounting evidence suggests that the average temperature of the planet is
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rising.
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In medieval cities of Europe, what was found at the city's center?
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the cathedral
