Sociology Chapter 11 – Flashcards
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gender
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the behavioral and psychological traits considered appropriate for men and women
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gender roles
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the specific behaviors and attitudes that a society establishes for men and women
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gender traits
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opposite of sex; the identity of an individual that varies from culture to culture
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gender identity
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the awareness of being masculine or feminine as those traits are defined by a culture
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Which New Guinean tribe that Margaret Mead studied did men and women care for children; women act bossy and men wear makeup?
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Tchambuli
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Which New Guinean tribe that Margaret Mead studied did men and women both act aggressive?
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Mundugumor
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Which New Guinean tribe that Margaret Mead studied did men and women both act passive and emotionally warm?
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Arapesh
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which culture do men and women act passive, yield and forgiving and do not have gender specific names?
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Tahiti
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When does most gender socialization begin?
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At birth
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What gender expectations transferred into education for boys/girls?
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Boys: good at math, science and mechanically inclined Girls: good in reading, social sciences and creative in the arts
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What is the most powerful gender socialization agent?
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the family
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schools peer groups and media...
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reinforce gender expectations especially during adulthood
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Social inequality probably began because
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women would nurse children and required jobs close to home. Men used strength to hunt, trade and protect the group in wars- earned prestige and was seen as dominant gender. Men also owned weapons and had power in the group
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What does the conflict theory attribute women subordinance to?
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Men control economic and political spheres of society so they have established laws and customs that protect their dominance; they block women's access to power
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Second explanation for persistence of gender roles
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institutionalized discrimination- people adopt sexism that justifies male dominance as men have natural qualities that make them superior to women
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Why can't women break through this oppression?
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Sexism is a self fulfilling prophecy, therefore, men do not allow women to advance to positions of power and women do not usually attempt to pursue careers in positions of power. Both contribute to women lacking positions of power that could move women equality forward.
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Who wrote feminine mystique?
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Betty Friedan
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which amendment granted women the right to vote?
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19
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Which amendment sought to move women out of their traditional roles and end discrimination based on sex?
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The Equal Rights Amendment (didn't pass because of 3 votes)
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Important amendment of 1972
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education amendment- title IX
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Education advancements for Women
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women make up 57% of total college population; 56% of bachelors degrees; 17% of engineering bachelor's degrees, 88% of library-science degrees
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wage gap in 1960s
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58-61 cents to every man's dollar
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wage gap today
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75 cents to every dollar
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difference in yearly wage earnings
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$10,000
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glass ceililng
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invisible barrier that prevents women from gaining upper level positions in business
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second shift
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the work working women must do at home after a workday; the leisure gap between men/women account for the less than 10 hours of free time women have per week
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medicare
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government-sponsored health insurance plan for elderly Americans and Americans with disabilities
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medicaid
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the state and federally funded health insurance program for low-income individuals
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problems with the growing elder population
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-less younger workers contributing to money pool for elderly; -more elderly receiving social security than workers paying into it -elderly people are living longer and using social security longer
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dependency ratio in 1998
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3:1
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AARP
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provides financial aid, travel and prescription drug discounts
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other elderly special interest groups
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national council of senior citizens; national council of aging; gray panthers
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suggestions on ensuring the future of social security
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raising the retirement age, cutting benefits or increasing social security payroll taxes
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poverty in elderly americans
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the government has more practices to bring the elderly out of poverty but only by a few hundred dollars; they still live in near poverty; also, minorities have high poverty rates than whites and elderly are less in poverty than the young
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