question

What does the story about the conviction and imprisonment of Bruce Glover suggest about punishment in the United States?

answer

Convicts can lose everything important to them while in prison and, after release, they often struggle to fit back into society.

question

The recognized violation of cultural norms" refers to the concept of ________

answer

deviance.

question

"Crime" differs from "deviance" in that crime ________

answer

refers to a violation of norms enacted into law

question

Every society uses various strategies to regulate the behavior of individuals; this general process is called ________

answer

social control.

question

The formal system that responds to alleged violations of the law using police, courts, and prison officials is called ________

answer

the criminal justice system.

question

. Based on your reading, it would be correct to say that biological approaches offer ________

answer

a very limited understanding of crime.

question

The correct view of the role of biology in causing people to commit crimes is that ________

answer

biological factors may have a real but small effect in causing some people to commit crimes.

question

The value of psychological theories of deviance is limited because ________

answer

most people who commit crimes have normal personalities.

question

One of the social foundations of deviance is that ________

answer

deviance exists only in relation to cultural norms.

question

Assume you were listening to a lecture on Durkheim's approach to deviance. The focus of the lecture might be that ________

answer

deviance is a normal element of social organization.

question

According to Durkheim, functions of deviance include ________

answer

the idea that responding to deviance confuses moral boundaries

question

In his study of New England's Puritans, Kai Erikson concluded that ________

answer

even this disciplined and highly religious group created deviance to clarify the moral boundaries of their community.

question

Participating in the subculture that Elijah Anderson describes as "the code of the streets" raises the risk that young people will end up ________

answer

in jail or worse.

question

Edwin Lemert described "primary deviance" as ________

answer

a passing episode of deviance that has little effect on the person's self-concept.

question

His friends begin to criticize Marco as a "juice-head," pushing him out of their social circle. Feeling rejected, Marco begins to drink even more, becomes bitter, and joins a new group of friends who also are heavy drinkers. According to Lemert, Marco's situation illustrates ________

answer

the onset of secondary deviance.

question

What concept did Erving Goffman use to refer to a powerful and negative label that greatly changes a person's self-concept and social identity?

answer

Stigma

question

The concept "retrospective labeling" refers to the process of ________

answer

defining someone as deviant for things done long before.

question

Thomas Szasz made the controversial assertion that ________

answer

mental illness is a myth so that "insanity" is only "differences" that bother other people.

question

An example of the "medicalization of deviance" is ________

answer

theft being redefined as a "compulsive stealing."

question

Whether people respond to deviance as a moral issue or a medical matter affects

answer

the amount of contact a person has with others who encourage or discourage conventional behavior

question

. Edwin Sutherland's differential association theory links deviance to ________

answer

the amount of contact a person has with others who encourage or discourage conventional behavior.

question

Travis Hirschi's control theory suggests that the category of people most likely to engage in deviance is ________

answer

youngsters who "hang out" waiting for something to happen.

question

Crime committed by persons of high social position during the course of their occupations is called ________

answer

white-collar crime.

question

According to the social-conflict approach, what a society labels as deviant is based primarily on ________

answer

differences in power between various categories of people.

question

Alexander Liazos speaks for the social-conflict approach when he states that

answer

powerless people are at the highest risk of being defined as deviant.

question

Edwin Sutherland stated that white-collar crime ________

answer

is usually resolved in a civil rather than a criminal court.

question

. _________ refers to the illegal actions of a corporation or people acting on its behalf.

answer

Corporate crime

question

A hate crime is defined as ________

answer

a criminal act motivated by race or other bias.

question

Feminist theory states that gender figures into the study of deviance because ________

answer

every society in the world applies stronger normative controls to females than to males.

question

Women commit ________

answer

a far smaller share of crimes than men.

question

In legal terms, a crime is composed of which two components?

answer

The act and criminal intent

question

"Crimes against the person" includes all but ________ a. murder.

answer

burglary.

question

Prostitution is widely regarded as a ________

answer

victimless crime.

question

Victimization surveys show that the actual amount of crime in the United States is about _____ what official reports indicate.

answer

more than twice as high as

question

The likelihood a person will be arrested for a street crime rises sharply ________

answer

during the late teenage years.

question

Men, who represent about half the U.S. population, account for about _____ of all arrests for property crime

answer

63 percent

question

In the United States, men account for about _____ of all arrests for violent crime.

answer

about 80 percent

question

Research suggests that, with regard to social class, arrest for serious crime ________

answer

is higher for people at in lower class levels

question

In terms of racial categories, most of the people in the United States arrested for FBI Index crimes are ________

answer

white.

question

According to Elliot Currie, factors that explain the high crime rate in the United States by world standards include ________

answer

our emphasis on individual economic success, which weakens the social fabric.

question

Because there are several hundred people in the United States for every police officer, police ________

answer

use discretion in deciding which situations warrant their attention.

question

Most criminal cases handled by the criminal justice system in the United States are resolved ________

answer

through plea bargaining.

question

Looking back in history, the oldest justification for punishing an offender is

answer

retribution.

question

A judge sentences a young man who has committed several crimes to counseling and places him in a supportive foster home. These efforts to prevent further wrongdoing are called ________

answer

rehabilitation

question

Since the United States lacks a history of nobility, as in Europe, many people in this country think of it as ________

answer

mostly middle-class

question

In 2013, the median income for U.S. families was ________

answer

$63,815.

question

Which concept refers to earnings from work or any investments?

answer

Income

question

The total amount of financial assets, minus any debts, is referred to as ________

answer

Wealth

question

The richest 5 percent of U.S. families own about what percentage of privately owned property?

answer

d. 65 percent

question

The wealthiest 1 percent of U.S. families (the "super-rich") controls about _____ of the nation's privately held wealth. a. 17 percent

answer

b. 37 percent

question

Today, the wealth of the average U.S. family is about ________

answer

c. $81,000

question

Based on what you have learned in the chapter, about what percentage of all U.S. families has little or no wealth?

answer

b. 40 percent

question

About what share of U.S. adults over the age of twenty-five are college graduates?

answer

b. 32 percent

question

Social position in the United States is affected by a person's ________

answer

a. family, race, and gender.

question

In the United States, the median income for African American families is about _____ as much as that for a non-Hispanic, white family.

answer

c. 77 percent

question

Recent data from the Federal Reserve shows that median wealth for non-Hispanic, white families was about $142,000. For minority families, including African Americans, Asian Americans, and Hispanics, the median figure was ________

answer

18,100.

question

. Being in the upper-upper class is usually the result of _____; being in the lower-upper class is more a matter of _____.

answer

a. birth; achievement

question

The family of actor Will Smith and actress Jada Pinkett Smith would best be described as ________

answer

d. lower-upper class.

question

A good example of a person in her society's upper-upper class is

answer

b. Elizabeth II, the queen of England.

question

Roughly 40 to 45 percent of the U.S. population falls within the ________

answer

b. middle class.

question

The least amount of racial and ethnic diversity is found in ________

answer

a. the upper-upper class.

question

According to Karl Marx, which class forms the core of the industrial proletariat?

answer

d. The working class

question

. The highest concentration of high-income people is found ________

answer

b. near large metropolitan areas, especially on the East and West

question

The concept "conspicuous consumption" refers to ________

answer

c. the practice of buying things to make a statement about one's social position.

question

People of low social position are more liberal on _____ issues and more conservative on _____ issues.

answer

b. economic; social

question

In the United States, people of _____ are most likely to vote.

answer

b. high social position

question

The concept of "intergenerational social mobility" refers to change in social position ________

answer

d. when comparing children to their parents.

question

Which concept refers to change in social position during a person's lifetime?

answer

a. Intragenerational social mobility

question

During the last twenty years, which category of the U.S. population has experienced the largest gains in average income?

answer

c. The highest-paid 20 percent

question

Which of the following factors tends to raise your social standing?

answer

c. Marrying and staying married

question

Relative poverty is ________

answer

a. found everywhere

question

. The anthropologist Oscar Lewis suggested the cause of poverty lies in ________

answer

a. a lower-class culture of poverty.

question

. If you believe that people living in central cities are likely to be poor because there are few jobs available in these areas, you are in agreement with ________

answer

b. William Julius Wilson.

question

Sociologist William Julius Wilson suggests the cause of poverty lies in ________

answer

c. too few available jobs.

question

. People who supported the 1996 welfare reform claim that the earlier system ________

answer

a. encouraged welfare dependency.

question

Critics of the 1996 welfare reforms claim the new system ________

answer

a. has done little to reduce poverty in the United States.

question

The death of more than 1,000 garment workers in a Bangladeshi sweatshop shows that ________

answer

a. has done little to reduce poverty in the United States.

question

The wealthiest 20 percent of the global population receives about what percentage of all global income?

answer

77 percent

question

In 2015, how many independent nations were there in the world?

answer

194

question

. Japan, Canada, and the nations of Western Europe are all classified as ________

answer

high-income countries.

question

The people of the high-income countries, who represent 24 percent of the world's population, enjoy about how much of the world's income?

answer

59 percent

question

_________ is not a high-income nation.

answer

South Africa

question

High-income nations ________

answer

make use of factories, big machinery, and advanced technology.

question

. If you wanted to visit the world's low-income nations, where would you travel?

answer

Africa and Asia

question

Las Colonias" refers to settlements ________

answer

that are often called "America's Third World."

question

From a global perspective, economic productivity is lowest in precisely the regions where________

answer

population increase is highest.

question

For the world as a whole, about how many people suffer from chronic hunger that leaves them less able to work and places them at high risk of disease?

answer

Close to 1 billion

question

Absolute poverty is ________

answer

life threatening.

question

Which world region contains the largest percentage of the world's street children?

answer

Latin America

question

. According to Anti-Slavery International, about how many men, women, and children live today in conditions that amount to slavery?

answer

20 million

question

Which type of slavery refers to one person owning another?

answer

Chattel slavery

question

Which type of slavery consists of employers holding workers by paying them too little to cover their debts?

answer

Debt bondage

question

The concept of "colonialism" refers to the process by which ________

answer

some nations enrich themselves through political and economic control of others.

question

The concept of "neocolonialism" refers to the process by which ________

answer

multinational corporations dominate the economy of a poor country.

question

According to modernization theory, the greatest barrier to economic development is ________

answer

traditional culture.

question

According to Walt Rostow, nations begin at the ________ stage of development and may eventually reach the stage of ________.

answer

traditional; high mass consumption

question

Some critics claim that modernization theory ________

answer

ignores how rich nations prevent the economic development of poor nations.

question

Dependency theory differs from modernization theory by ________

answer

explaining global inequality in terms of the exploitation of poor countries by rich countries.

question

André Gunder Frank states that poor nations ________

answer

were "underdeveloped," or made poor, by rich nations.

question

. In past centuries, European nations colonized countries in ________

answer

only Africa.

question

hat is Wallerstein's term for the middle-income countries of the world?

answer

Semiperiphery

question

Wallerstein pointed to several factors that cause dependency among low-income nations. Which of the following is a factor that Wallerstein did NOT claim to be a cause of dependency?

answer

Lack of integration into the world economy

question

According to dependency theory, poor countries have become dependent on rich nations because ________

answer

they sell raw materials to rich nations.

question

With regard to the role of rich nations, dependency theory ________

answer

claims rich nations are to blame for global poverty.

question

Over the course of the last century, the extent of global economic inequality has ________

answer

increased.

question

The global region in which the greatest reduction in poverty has taken place is ________

answer

Asia.

question

The point of the story about passenger deaths that accompanied the sinking of the ocean liner Titanic is that ________

answer

social stratification is important and can sometimes be a matter of life and death.

question

Social stratification is a concept that refers to ________

answer

ranking categories of people in a hierarchy.

question

. Using the sociological perspective, we see that social stratification ________

answer

gives some people more privileges and opportunities than others.

question

. Social stratification ________

answer

looks the same in every society.

question

Comparing societies in history and around the world, we see that ________

answer

all societies are the same

question

Which concept describes a person who moves from one occupation to another that each provide about the same level of rewards?

answer

Horizontal social mobility

question

In all societies, kinship plays a part in social stratification because ________

answer

parents pass their social position on to their children.

question

. A caste system is defined as ________

answer

social stratification based on ascription, or birth.

question

Ravi was born into a caste system in a small village in Sri Lanka. He can expect to ________

answer

have the same social standing as his parents.

question

If you lived in a society with a traditional caste system, you would expect your marriage to be ________

answer

endogamous.

question

In general, societies that have caste systems have economies that are ________

answer

agrarian.

question

A category of people defined as "untouchable" because they perform work that is viewed as "unclean" has been part of social stratification in ________

answer

India.

question

. If you were born into a traditional caste system, you would expect that, based on birth, you would be ________

answer

raised to do a certain type of job.

question

The ending of apartheid in South Africa has led to ________

answer

that society becoming a meritocracy.

question

The historical replacement of caste systems with class systems ________

answer

replaces one kind of inequality with another.

question

The concept "meritocracy" refers to social stratification ________

answer

based entirely on personal merit.

question

Why do societies with class systems retain some elements of caste (such as the inheritance of wealth) rather than trying to become complete meritocracies?

answer

Because a pure meritocracy would eliminate families and other social loyalties that tie a society together

question

England's aristocracy contained about what share of the entire country's population?

answer

5 percent

question

The historical practice in England of passing on property to only the first-born male descendant is called ________

answer

the law of primogeniture

question

. About half of all the people in the United Kingdom today consider themselves to be in the ________

answer

working class.

question

One good indication that caste still operates in the United Kingdom is the importance people attach to ________

answer

accent in speech.

question

For more than 1,500 years, Japanese society operated with a ________

answer

caste system.

question

At the lowest level of social stratification in ancient Japan were the

answer

burakumin or "outcasts."

question

In 1917, the Russian Revolution transformed the feudal aristocracy and placed productive property under the control of ________

answer

the state.

question

At the top of the system of inequality in the former Soviet Union were the ________

answer

apparatchiks, or high government officials

question

The concept of structural social mobility refers to ________

answer

change in the social position of many people due to changes in society itself.

question

Compared to other high-income nations, the United States has ________

answer

more economic inequality

question

Ideology, or beliefs that support social stratification, is found in ________

answer

both caste and class systems.

question

The common ideology of a class system states that success and wealth result mainly from ________

answer

personal talent and effort

question

. Who coined the concept "survival of the fittest"?

answer

Herbert Spencer

question

According to the Davis-Moore thesis ________

answer

more important jobs must provide enough rewards to attract the talent necessary to perform them.

question

Davis and Moore point out that an egalitarian society ________

answer

could exist, but only if people are willing to allow anyone to perform any job.

question

The idea that social inequality benefits society is associated with the ________

answer

structural-functional approach

question

In Karl Marx's analysis, another name for the capitalist class is the ____

answer

bourgeoisie.

question

When Marx argued that capitalism "reproduces the class structure," he meant that ________

answer

society operates in a way that carries class differences from one generation to the next.

question

. According to Karl Marx, social stratification in a capitalist society always involves ________

answer

class conflict

question

. If you have a job that involves manual labor, you are doing ________

answer

blue-collar work.

question

Work involving mostly mental activity is called ________

answer

white-collar work.

question

Contrasting living standards in the United States during Marx's lifetime with living standards in the United States today, we see that U.S. living standards have ________

answer

risen for all.

question

Based on what you have read, as the United States develops a postindustrial economy, economic inequality is ________

answer

increasing.

question

At the lowest level of social stratification in ancient Japan were the

answer

burakumin or "outcast"

question

In 1917, the Russian Revolution transformed the feudal aristocracy and placed productive property under the control of ________

answer

the state

Sociology Ch9-12 – Flashcards

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