Sociology ch 6 deviance, crime and social control
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
social control
answer
consists of the forces and processes that encourage conformity, including: self control, informal and formal control
question
self control
answer
we police ourselves; internalization occurs when individuals accept the norms and values of their group and make conformity to these norms part of their self concept
question
informal control
answer
self restraint exercised because of fears of what others will think
question
formal control
answer
administrative sanctions such as fines, expulsion or imprisonment
question
eccentric
answer
odd or whimsical behavior
question
deviance
answer
refers to norm violations that exceed the tolerance level of the community and result in negative sanctions
question
Lambraso
answer
believed that some people were born criminals
question
atavists
answer
could be recognized by their low forehead and prominent eyebrow ridges
question
Sheldon
answer
proposed that body shapes could be used to identify criminals(more muscular and aggressive)
question
endomorphs
answer
people that are overweight, soft and extroverted
question
ectomorphs
answer
people who are thin, wiry, and introverted
question
mesomorphs
answer
muscular and aggressive
question
hormones
answer
testosterone,may have an affect on whether one conducts deviant behavior
question
structural-functionist
answer
believes that deviance is alien to society, and indication that the parts are not working right
question
durkheim
answer
first applied anomie to suicide
question
anomie
answer
a situation in which the norms of society are unclear or no longer applicable to current conditions
question
conformity
answer
accept the means and the goal
question
strain theory
answer
suggests that deviance occurs when culturally approved goals cannot be reached by culturally approved means, associated with structural function theory
question
innovators
answer
students cheating on tests, selling drugs....accept goals/reject means
question
ritualists
answer
dept. of motor vehicles, wendy's......reject goals/ accept means
question
retreatists
answer
dropouts, drifters, street people......reject goals/reject means
question
rebels
answer
start communes, create an alternative .....reject goals/ reject means
question
conflict theory
answer
proposes that competition and class conflict within society create deviance
question
poor
answer
public policy discriminates against the _____
question
symbolic interactionists believe that deviance:
answer
-is learned through interaction with others -involves the development of a deviant self concept - is not believed to be a direct product of the social structure but of specific face to face interactions
question
differential association theory
answer
argues that people learn to be deviant when more of their associates favor deviance than favor conformity
question
symbolic interaction theory
answer
differential association theory stems from_______
question
deterrence theories
answer
suggest that deviance results when social sanctions, formal and informal, provide insufficient rewards for conformity.........COST/BENEFIT DECISION
question
empirical studies show that there are three kinds of rewards that are important in deterring deviance
answer
instrumental rewards family ties self esteem
question
labeling theory
answer
is concerned with the process by which labels, such as deviant, come to be attached to specific people with specific behaviors
question
primary deviance
answer
impulsive act(first time a child acts up)
question
secondary deviance
answer
continued rule violation because of a deviant self concept( teachers, counselors and other children label the child a troublemaker)
question
criticisms or major limitations of the labeling theory are:
answer
-doesn't explain why primary deviance occurs -it cannot explain repeated deviance by those who haven't been caught -it places too little emphasis on the relativity of deviance
question
moral entrepreneurs
answer
people who are in a position to create and enforce new definitions(ideas) of morality
question
diseases
answer
in recent years there has been a trend toward treating more types of deviance as_______
question
crime
answer
behavior/ deviant act that is subject to legal or civil penalties
question
victimless crimes
answer
such as drug use, prostitution, gambling and porn are voluntary exchanges between persons who desire goods or services from each other
question
white collar crimes
answer
committed by respectable people of high status in the course of their occupation
question
employees against companies
answer
theft, vandalism, embezzlement
question
companies against their employees
answer
fraud, misappropriation of funds, stock market
question
companies against customers
answer
bait and switch, substituting poor quality materials for appropriate "standard" materials, price fixing
question
companies against public
answer
stock market, dumping of toxic waste, pollution
question
corporate crime
answer
when companies are the perpetrators
question
20%
answer
___of crimes reported by the UCR were cleared by arrest
question
male, young and minorities
answer
persons arrested for criminal acts are disproportionately_____________
question
they lack a stake in conformity
answer
adolescents and young adults have less to lose than do others because_____________
question
girls are supervised more closely than boys
answer
the strongest social explanation as to why girls are more likely to conform is that ____________
question
women
answer
crime rates for minor offenses are rising faster for_______
question
medical model of mental illness
answer
holds that mental illness can be objectively defined, has identifiable causes, and if left untreated will become worse
question
mirror image
answer
the relationship between mental illness and sex is the _____ _____ of that for crime
question
similar
answer
the relationship between mental illness and social class is ______ to that for crime
question
law
answer
is the cornerstone of the formal control system
question
structural functional view of law
answer
most citizens and probably most sociologists take a____________ , by spelling out expected behaviors and punishing violators the law helps maintain order
question
conflict theorists view of law
answer
they believe that the legal apparatus was designed to maintain and reproduce the system of inequality, that law is used as a tool by the elites to dominate and control others
question
rational law
answer
based on the strict application of the rules
question
substantive law
answer
differs because it takes into account the unique circumstances of the individual case
question
substantive
answer
the study of sentencing outcomes indicates that the law tends to be more_______
question
street level justice
answer
consists of decisions the police make in the initial stages of an investigation
question
retribution
answer
society punished offenders to avenge the victim and society as a whole; a form of retaliation
question
reformation
answer
offenders are not punished but rather are corrected and reformed so they will become conforming members of the community
question
specific deterrence
answer
punishment is intended to scare offenders so that they will think twice about violating the law again
question
general deterrence
answer
by making an example of offenders, society scares the rest of us into following the rules
question
prevention
answer
by incapacitating offenders, society keeps them from committing further crimes
question
getting caught
answer
a growing number of studies demonstrate that the certainty of ______ ______ is a greater deterrent to crime than is the length of the sentence
