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White (Non-Hispanic): 60.3% Black/African American: 12.2% Hispanic: 16.4% Native American, Alaskan Natives: .7% Asian American, Pacific Islanders: 5% Arab American: .5% Biracial: 2.9%

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Population of United States by Race and Ethnicity (2010)

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White (Non-Hispanic): 37% Black/African American: 14.7% Hispanic: 30.6% Native American, Alaskan Natives: 1.5% Asian American, Pacific Islanders: 8.5% Arab American: 1.8% Biracial: 5.9%

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Population of United States by Race and Ethnicity (2060, Estimated)

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Subordinate group whose members have significantly less control/power over their own lives than do the members of a dominant/majority group

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Minority Group

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____________ = Subordinate ____________ = Majority

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Minority = ____________ Majority = ____________

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I. Unequal treatment II. Distinguishing physical/cultural traits III. Involuntary membership IV. Awareness of subordination V. In-group marriage

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Five characteristics of minority groups?

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Race, Ethnicity, Religion, and Gender

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Four (major) types of minority groups?

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Minorities and corresponding majorities that are socially set apart because of obvious physical differences

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Racial group

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Groups set apart from others because of their national origin or distinctive cultural patterns

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Ethnic group

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Groups socially set apart because of their association with a religion other than the dominant faith

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Religious group

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Women existing in a male-dominated society, due to prejudice, discrimination, and physical differences

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Gender group

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Age, Disability Status, Physical Appearance, Sexual Orientation

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Other types of minority groups?

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Mistaken ideal that humans have a genetically isolated human group, and thus distinctive physical traits for humans can 'separate' them into different races

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Biological race

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Beliefs in 1) Inheritance of behavior patterns 2) Association between physical and cultural traits 3) Idea that certain groups/races are inherently superior to other groups/races

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Racism

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Process by which racial categories are created, inhabited, transformed, and destroyed

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Racial formation

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Development of solidarity between ethnic subgroups

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Panethnicity

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Status of being between two cultures

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Marginality

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Systematic study of social behavior and human groups

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Sociology

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Structured ranking of entire groups of people that perpetuates unequal rewards and power in a society

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Stratification

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Social ranking

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Class

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1. Functionalist perspective 2. Conflict perspective 3. Labeling perspective

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Three theoretical perspectives sociologists use?

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Emphasizes how the parts of society are structured to maintain its stability; if an aspect of society does not promote survival or stability, it will be disregarded

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Functionalist perspective

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1. Provides moral justification for maintaining a society that routinely deprives a group of peoples of their rights and privileges 2. Discourages subordinate people from questioning their lower status, because to do so is to question the very foundation of society 3. Not only justify present existing practices, but serve as rallying points for social movements (ex. rise of Nazi Party, present-day Aryan groups) 4. Racial myths encourage support for existing order, and some argue that any change would prompt even worse conditions for minorities 5. Relieve dominant group of responsibility to address the economic and educational problems faced by subordinate groups

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Five functions that racial beliefs have for the dominant group?

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Elements of society that disrupt a social system or decrease its stability

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Dysfunctions

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1. Practicing discrimination fails to use resources of all individuals; limits the search for talent and leadership 2. Aggravates social problems (ex. poverty, delinquency, crime); places financial burden of alleviating the problems on the dominant group 3. Society must spend much money and time on maintaining the barriers that prevent full participation of all members 4. Undercut goodwill and friendly diplomatic relations between nations; negatively affect efforts to increase global trade 5. Social change is inhibited because change may assist a subordinate group 6. Promotes disrespect towards law enforcement and for peaceful settlements of disputes

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Six ways racism is dysfunctional to a society?

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Assumes social structure is best understood in terms of conflict or tension between competing groups; makes society a struggle between the privileged and the exploited

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Conflict perspective

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Act of portraying the problems of racial and ethnic minorities as their fault, rather than recognizing society's reponsibility

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Blaming the Victim

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Explains why some people are viewed as deviant and others engaging in the same behavior as not

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Labeling theory

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Unreliable generalizations about all members of a group that do not take individual differences into account

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Stereotypes

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Responding to negative stereotypes and acting on them, with the result that false definitions become accurate

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Self-fulfilling prophecy

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General term used to describe any transfer of population

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Migration

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By emigrants; describes leaving a country to settle in another

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Emigration

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By immigrants; denotes coming into the new country

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Immigration

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Worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas

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Globalization

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Maintenance of political, social, economic, and cultural dominance over people by a foreign power for an extended period of time

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Colonialism

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Views the global economic system as divided between nations that control wealth and those that provide natural resources and labor

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World Systems Theory

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Extermination/Genocide Expulsion Secession/Partitioning Segregation Fusion/Amalgamation/Melting Pot Assimilation Pluralism/Multiculturalism

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Order, from increasingly unacceptable to more tolerable, of intergroup relations

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Deliberate, systematic killing of an entire people

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Genocide

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State-sponsored systematic persecution and annihilation of European Jewry by Nazi Germany and its collaborators

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Holocaust

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Forced deportation of people, accompanied by systematic violence, including death

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Ethnic cleansing

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Physical separation of two or more groups in residence, workplace, and social functions

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Segregation

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Physical separation of racial or ethnic groups reappearing after a period of integration

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Resegregation

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Police of separate development to ensure white supremacy

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Apartheid

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Occurs when a minority and a majority combine to form a new group

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Fusion

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Process by which a dominant group and a subordinate group combine through intermarriage into a new people

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Amalgamation

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In which diverse racial or ethnic groups form a new cultural entity

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Melting pot

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Process by which a subordinate individual or group takes on the characteristics of the dominant group and is eventually accepted as part of that group

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Assimilation

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Outcome of immigrants and their descendants moving in to different classes of the host society

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Segmented Assimilation

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Implies various groups in a society have mutual respect for one another's culture; allows minorities to express their own culture without suffering prejudice or discrimination

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Pluralism

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Emphasizes customs of African cultures and how they have pervaded the history, culture, and behavior of blacks in the U.S. and around the world

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Afrocentric Perspective

SOCIO 150 – Chapter One: "Exploring Race and Ethnicity" – Flashcards

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