Society, the Basics, chapter 6 and 10. – Flashcards
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At birth, males and females are distinguished by ______, which are the genitals: organs used for reproduction.
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primary sex characteristics
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One norm found everywhere is the incest taboo, which refers to norms forbidding:
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sexual relations or marriage between certain relatives.
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Which of the following set the stage for the sexual revolution?
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Kinsey's published studies of sexuality
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______ refers to a person's preference in terms of sexual partners.
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Sexual orientation
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Sexual attraction to people of both sexes is called:
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bisexuality.
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The weight of evidence indicates that sexual orientation is caused mostly by:
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human biology, although society plays some role.
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The term "homophobia" refers to fear of:
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close personal interaction with people thought to be gay, lesbian, or bisexual.
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The observation that police are more likely to arrest sex workers than their male clients is consistent with which theoretical analysis of sexuality?
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social-conflict
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Which of the following is TRUE with respect to early sexual activity in North America?
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Observed differences in pregnancy rates between Sweden and the United States seems to be due to differences in access to contraceptive services.
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What is the term for biological distinction between females and males?
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sex
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Bodily development, apart form the genitals, that distinguishes biologically mature females and males is defined as
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Secondary gender characteristics
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Which of the following is TRUE regarding the term gender?
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It refers to personal traits and patterns of behaviour that a culture attaches to being female or male.
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What is the term for humans who have some combination of female and male genitalia?
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intersexed people
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Which of the following is TRUE regarding intersexed people?
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Some cultures view intersexed people as having the full potential of both the female and the male.
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______ feel they are "trapped in a body of the wrong sex."
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Transsexuals
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Which of the following is NOT true regarding sexual attitudes in Canada?
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By the mid-1950s, all provinces had cleared laws against homosexuality and various "unnatural" acts from the books.
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Which event set the state for the sexual revolution?
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Kinsey's publication of the first study of sexuality in the US.S in 1948
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Why did Kinsey's book encourage the sexual revolution?
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The revelations in the books fostered a new openness toward sexuality.
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Politically speaking, what was the primary purpose of those at the forefront of the sexual counterrevolution?
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A return to "family values," by which sexual freedom was to be replaced by sexual responsibility
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Which of the following is ACCURATE, regarding public opinion about premarital sex?
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Premarital sex is broadly accepted among young people.
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In spite of portrayals in the mass media, research on frequency of sexual activity reveals that:
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people in monogamous relationships have sexual relationship more often than singles.
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Susan is sexually attracted to males. Her sexual orientation is
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heterosexual.
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The fact that sexual orientation is not often clear-cut points to the importance of a third category:
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bisexuality.
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The sexual orientation referred to as ______ refers to no sexual attraction to people of either sex.
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asexuality
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Which of the following is FALSE regarding sexual orientation?
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Cultural systems value all sexual orientations equally.
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The observation that patterns of homosexuality differ greatly from one society to another supports the idea that
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sexual orientation is a product of society.
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If you argue that people come to have a sexual orientation because it is innate, which general position on how people come to have a sexual orientation would you be taking?
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Sexual orientation is a product of biology.
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In Canada, which of the following is TRUE regarding same-sex marriages?
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Canadian have become increasingly supportive of gay "equal" marriage.
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Which of the following statements regarding teenage pregnancy in Canada is FALSE?
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Most agree that Canada's national plan of action has been effective in reducing the number of unwanted pregnancies.
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Which of the following statements about pornography in Canada is FALSE?
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Critics of pornography focus their objections solely on moral grounds.
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With which of the following would you agree if you were a supporter of sex education?
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Its is unrealistic to expect that in a culture that celebrates sexuality, children will not become sexually active.
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Elite sex workers - young, attractive, and well educated - are referred to as ______; while ______ are at the bottom of the sex-worker hierarchy.
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call girls; streetwalkers
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Which of the following statements about prostitution is TRUE?
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Sex workers located in off-street "escort agencies" have safer work conditions than those working on the streets.
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Which of the following statements about rape is FALSE?
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Rape usually occurs between strangers.
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Which of the following is NOT a common myth about rape?
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Rape leaves both physical and psychological scars.
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Which of the following is TRUE regarding sex on campus?
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Most women are critical of the culture of "hooking-up" and express little satisfaction with these encounters.
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______ argue that society must regulate sexual behaviour because sexuality is an important element of social life.
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Structural-functionalists
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Which of the following is a latent function of prostitution?
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it meets the sexual needs of people who do not have ready access to sex
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Which of the following is a criticism of the structural-functional analysis of sexuality?
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This approach pays little attention to the great diversity of sexual ideas and practices found within every society.
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______ highlights how, as people interact, they construct everyday reality.
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Symbolic-interactionism
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The changing importance of virginity over the last century in our society is a topic you would associate with:
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symbolic-interactionism
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Which of the following is a strength of the symbolic-interaction paradigm regarding sexuality?
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It reveals the constructed character of familiar social patterns and thus bring about a better appreciation of the variety of sexual practices found around the world.
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What is probably the most hotly contested social issue in Canada today?
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Abortion
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If Susie, in a discussion of sexuality, continually points out how sexuality both reflects patterns of social inequality and also helps to create them, on which theoretical approach is she relying?
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Social-conflict
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______ refers to a growing body of research findings that challenges the heterosexual bias in North American society.
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Queer Theory
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Which of the following is a criticism of the social-conflict paradigm's view of sexuality?
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This approach overlooks the fact that sexuality is not a power issue for everyone.
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The chapter argues that gender is not a matter just of difference but also a matter of:
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power, wealth, and privileges.
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Patriarchy
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is observed everywhere in the world today in varying degrees.
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What is the term for attitudes and activities that a society tends to link to women and men?
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gender roles
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What term refers to an invisible, yet real, barrier that prevents many women from rising beyond middle-management positions?
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"glass ceiling:
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Most violence against women occurs:
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in the home.
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According to Talcott Parsons, gender
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forms a complementary set of roles.
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The following are goals of feminism EXCEPT for one. Which is it?
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reducing sexual freedom
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A feminist who seeks to eliminate gender itself is
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a radical feminist.
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The origin of the phrase, "the rule of thumb" is from:
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the time in our history when men were legally permitted to beat their wives, as long as the stick was no wider than a thumb.
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What is the term for the personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female and male?
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gender
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What is the term for the unequal distribution of wealth, power and privilege between men and women?
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gender stratification
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What is TRUE about men and women?
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There are no overall differences in intelligence between males and females.
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You have been asked to coach a high school team that is competing province-wide for best school in overall intellectual ability. In general, your team would fare better if:
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You choose an equal mix of males and females for your team.
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Which of the following characteristics exemplifies the kibbutzim?
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Gender is irrelevant to most of everyday life.
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Margaret Mead's research on gender in three societies in New Guinea illustrates that:
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gender is a variable creation of culture.
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What is the form of social organization in which males dominate females?
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patriarchy
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What is the form of social organization in which females dominate males?
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matriarchy
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What is the belief that one gender is innately superior to the other?
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sexism
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The idea that sexism is institutionalized in Canada:
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means it is built into the operation of various social institutions.
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Which of the following is TRUE regarding the costs of sexism?
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Patriarchy drives men to relentlessly seek control resulting in accidents and violence.
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At about age ______, children begin to apply gender standards to themselves.
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3
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What is the term for attitudes and activities that a society links women and men?
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gender roles
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One implication of the research of Janet Lever and Carol Gilligan on gender differences in human development is that:
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girls learn morality in terms of responsibility to others.
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Which of the following is FALSE regarding gender and the mass media?
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The characters of males and females in the media today are much the same.
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Select the reason behind the changing character of the Canadian workforce since 1900.
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the rising divorce rate
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Approximately ______ percent of married couples in Canada depend on two incomes.
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83
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Which of the following is FALSE regarding women in the labour force?
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Gender stratification in the workplace is difficult to see in today's society.
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Which of the following is TRUE about housework?
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Men support women entering the workforce, although most resist taking on a more equal share of household duties.
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What three factors account for most of the earning disparity between men and women?
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type of work; family responsibilities; discrimination
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The barrier that is invisible, but which prevents women from rising beyond middle management positions is referred to as:
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the "glass ceiling."
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Which of the following was TRUE about gender and education in Canada by 1994?
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Compared to men, more women received bachelor's and first professional degrees.
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Which of the following is TRUE about Canadian women university graduates in 1997?
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Women earned a majority of master's degrees.
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Which country has the most women holding the most parliamentary seats?
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Sweden
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Which of the following is TRUE of minority and Aboriginal women in Canada?
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Aboriginal and minority women are doubly disadvantaged.
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Sexual violence s fundamentally about:
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power.
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What is the term for comments, gestures, or physical contact of a sexual nature that are deliberate, repeated, and unwelcome?
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sexual harassment
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According to the text, sexual harassment:
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happens to men and women.
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Which of the following is TRUE about a structural-functional analysis of gender?
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over many generations, the sex-based division of labour has been taken for granted.
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Which theoretical approach argues that conventional ideas about gender create division and tension, with men seeking to protect their privileges as women challenge the status quo?
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social-conflict
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Which of the following is TRUE, in terms of the social-conflict perspective?
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Capitalism intensifies males domination.
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What is the term for the advocacy of social equality for the sexes, in opposition to patriarchy and sexism?
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Feminism
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What variant of feminism accepts the basic organization of Canadian society, but seeks to expand the opportunities of women?
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Liberal feminism
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______ feminism claims patriarchy can be overcome only through elimination of gender itself.
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Radical
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Which of the following is TRUE of feminism?
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Resistance to feminism is primarily directed at the social and radical types; there is widespread support of the principles that underlie liberal feminism.
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Define and compare sex and gender; primary and secondary sex characteristics
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Describe the influences of biology and culture on sexual orientation and the evidence in support of each side.
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Describe the consequences of gender or sexual stereotyping for males and females.
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Define homophobia, xenophobia, bisexuality, and sexual orientation?
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What is sexism?, Give examples of sexism in Canada.
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Define feminism. How is feminism different from sexism?
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What is meant by the "feminization of poverty"?
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Define patriarchy and matriarchy. What is the evidence on the inevitability of patriarchy?
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Define gender stratification, and gender socialization an the factors involved to maintain it.
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Describe the relationship between gender, gender roles, and social stratification in terms of labour force participation, occupations, income, wealth, housework, the "second shift", education, politics and violence.
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What is the glass ceiling, and why does it exist?
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Define and explain sexual harassment using the sociological perspective and sociological theories.
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Explain gender issues using the three theoretical perspectives: structural functionalism, social conflict and symbolic interaction.
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Define feminism
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identify the basic ideas and theories of feminism
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Explain why there is resistance to feminism in Canada
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