Social Studies Chapter 18 – Notes – Flashcards
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What was life like in a typical boomtown?
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Lively and lawless.
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Describe the physical features of the land & the climate conditions that made building the transcontinental railroad difficult.
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Mountainous and hot.
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Explain how railroads helped open the West to settlement.
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Made transportation easier, and produced more steel which increased the number of workers and supplies.
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List and explain at least two effects the coming of the railroad had on the Western Frontier.
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Coal producers, railroad car manufacturers, and construction workers increased. The making of time zones was also an effect.
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What drove the marker for cattle sales?
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Need for food, their fur, and trade.
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What are cow towns?
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Towns located near railroads to market and ship cattle.
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What was the Long Drive?
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The herding of cattle 1,000 miles or more to meet the railroads.
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What was the Cattle Kingdom?
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A time in the 1860s where trails carried more than five million cattle north.
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What were the hardships for cowboys?
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There were storms, they rode up to 15 hours a day, and they often became lonely.
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What was the Spanish influence on cowboys?
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Words like "ranch" were used by vaqueros. The equipment they used and herding cattle were similar.
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What were examples of discrimination on the trails?
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Members of minorities rarely became trail bosses and received less pay. Also, African Americans and Chinese workers were excluded.
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Explain the connection between the boom and bust of the Cattle Kingdoms. Why did it fail? What was the new way to raise cattle?
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When cattle prices boomed when the Spanish brought their cattle to the states, it was a bust when ranchers started stealing longhorns. The new way to raise cattle was to fence them up and feed them in harsh winters.
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How did it feel to be a Native American according to Red Cloud?
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To him it felt like he was surrounded by white men, only left with an island.
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What were the nomadic tribes in plains?
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The Sioux, Comanche, and Blackfeet.
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What were the farming and hunting tribes?
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Omaha, Osage.
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List the roles of men and women in tribes.
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Men hunted, traded and supervised military life. Women reared children, cooked, and prepared hides.
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Why did settlers hunt for buffalo?
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For money, food, and to prevent them from blocking the railroads.
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Was the government honest when dealing with their new policy towards Native Americans? What did the government do?
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The government was not honest, they often used trickery to get the Natives to move onto poor land with little resources.
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Explain two conflicts on the Plains in your own words.
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1. Natives burned and looted white settlers' homes. 2. In Colorado, miners would get raided by Natives.
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Why was Sitting Bull upset about the Black Hills?
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He didn't want to give away his land.
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Who was Custer?
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Led the Seventh Cavalry, he attacked but they lost which shocked many people.
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Who was Geronimo?
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Geronimo was the Apache leader. He led many raids and finally surrendered to the Army of Arizona.
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What did the Dawes Act aim to do?
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Eliminate lack of private property and nomadic tradition.
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What did the Dawes Act actually lead to?
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Breaking up the reservations and ending identification.
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What were the long term effects of the Dawes Act?
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Native Americans got poor land not suited for farming and the speculators acquired most of the valuable land.
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Describe the massacre at Wounded Knee in 2 sentences.
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The massacre at Wounded Knee happened because of the Dawes Act, it changed their way of life and weakened their cultural traditions. The battle happened in South Dakota and it marked the end of the struggled between the Whites and Native Americans.
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Who did the farmers blame for their troubles?
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Railroad companies, eastern manufacturers, and bankers.
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How did banks contribute to farmers' plight?
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Gave them high interest rates.
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How did the National Grange try to encourage self-sufficiency among farmers?
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Education, support, library, and co-ops.
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How did the railroads contribute to the decline of the Grange?
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By changing the price to ship goods.
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What were the Farmers' Alliance?
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Networks of organizations in the West and South.
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When was the Populist Party founded?
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1890.
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Whom did the Populist Party Nominate for president?
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James B. Weaver.
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How did Southern state legislatures strike a blow against populism?
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By placing strict limits of rights on African Americans.
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What was William Jennings Bryan's nickname and why?
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The Great Commoner, because he appealed to average citizens.
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Why did William McKinley win the election?
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He represented stability.
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What Populist goals were realized in the 1900s?
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U.S abandon gold standard, adopt an eight-hour work day, and introduce an income tax.
