Social Studies 8 Renaissance – Flashcards

someone born in a country; the first inhabitants of the area

a person who draws maps

to travel completely around something, as in circumnavigating the globe

the actions and attitudes of a state or country whose goal is to expand it's power or territory

the extension of power over a territory including its resources and people

a system of knotted strings used by the Incas and other South American cultures to communicate and keep records

resistance to a disease

granting countries their independance

Christopher Columbus traveled West because he wanted to find a quicker sea route from Europe to Asia. He didn't know that 2 large continents were in his way.

- Curiosity - Adventure - The thinking that each individual has potential - People had enough confidence in their dreams and abilities to take on a challenge

- They could gain land - People were demanding more goods - Monarchs could gain a profit

- Increased prices into Europe was leading to crime and robbery - Wanted control over supplies and goods and were hoping to gain power and wealth - Needed more precious metals (gold and silver)

The religion Europeans were hoping to spread was Christianity and doing Jesus' wishing while doing it.

Equipment, money, time and skills you need.

- originally known as Prince Henry of Portugal - had great interest in ships and navigation - patron of Portuguese explorers - sponsored voyages of exploration along the coast of Asia - established a center at Sagres - cartographers, mathematicians, navigators, sailors, and astronomers gathered here. - created updated maps - helped improve navigational devices - mathematical tables helped determine latitude and longitude created - improved; compasses, astrolabes, cross-staffs, back-staffs

- took them from travelling around Europe to circumnavigating the globe - Italian city-states were constantly trying to improve their wealth and power - traveled and explored to receive more trade goods and explore - sent out expeditions thousands of kilometers away to achieve their goals

Portugal was the first European country.

- along the Western coast to make contact with gold producing areas - set up trading posts - dozens of ships were imported - African slaves were imported as well

The sea route to the east was resolved. Portuguese fleets made yearly trips to the Indian Ocean. Arab merchants saw these Portuguese flips as invaders coming to steal their land. This led to the Arab regularly attacking the ships. There was a decisive battle between a large fleet of Arab ships and a much smaller Portuguese vessel off the Indian port of Diu. The Portuguese had cannons so they ended up victorious. They set up military control in this part of the world and became the most powerful trading country in all of Europe.

Columbus was convinced that a shorter route lay west across the Atlantic Ocean. He sailed west for 33 days until Columbus's expedition sighted land. He made 3 more voyages around the Caribbean for sources of gold or spices. He died during his 4th voyage in 1506, and he is still convinced today that he reached Asia.

Francis Drake is a man who had filled the Golden Hind with gold and silver stolen from Spanish treasure ships was dubbed a knight. He was the first man to circumnavigate the world. Repeatedly attacking the Spanish treasure ships brought wealth to England and the gratitude of Queen Elizabeth I who sponsored him to go on these voyages. This helped contribute to England's transformation into a prosperous trading country and a world power. Contributions explorers like Francis Drake gave the people of England a sense of confidence and pride in their military and economic success.

Christopher Columbus brought many things back to Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand from his first voyage to the America's. He brought back several Indigenous people whom he kidnapped before leaving the Caribbean's. As well as the indigenous peoples Christopher Columbus brought back many riches for both the Queen and the King.

The treaty of Tordesillas is a treaty that would divide the world between the Spanish and Portuguese. In the beginning of the age of exploration both Portugal and Spain sent expeditions to find trade routes to Asia. After Christopher Columbus had gotten what he thought was a sea route to Asia for his home country of Spain, Portugal needed to make sure it got its share of the Asian trade. The two rulers of both Spain and Portugal could not come to an impartial agreement so they asked the Pope to settle the matter between the two. It was then in 1494 that the Pope came up with the treaty of Tordesillas. Spain would receive the land west of the imaginary line running north and south through the Atlantic while Portugal received the land east of the line. Although Spain and Portugal were fine with these terms the other European rulers were angry when they heard of the terms. England and France both ignored these terms and sent explorers across the North Atlantic to find new territories. King Henry VII had given the explorer Giovanni Caboto the authority to expand England's power of the territory, its resource's, and people. This is an example of Imperialism associated with the Treaty of Tordesillas.

The territories in both Central and Southern America that was claimed by Christopher Columbus as well as other explorers became known as New Spain. The government had granted land to people who wanted to settle in New Spain for exchange of mining for precious metals, and setting up plantations to grow crops for Spain. The Indigenous people were enslaved and forced to do labor in horrible conditions by Spanish land owners. Millions were worked to death in the silver mines and fields.

Columbus saw the people in his European worldview causing him to receive misconceptions about what these natives were truly doing and offering. As he saw that they were friendly he gave them some red caps and strings of beads to wear upon their necks. He gave many other small trifles of little value, which delighted the Indigenous people, and they became attached to Columbus and his crew. Columbus recognizes that these native people are clever and would be good servants. In Columbus' opinion they would readily become Christians because it appears that they have no religion. It took the native people little time to learn the words that Columbus and his crew spoke to them. Overall they saw these people as smart people but they would be able to use these people to gain what they need.

Bartolomé de Las Casas was a missionary and was the first European to write about the atrocities and crimes committed against the Indigenous people in New Spain. 20 years after Columbus' first voyage is when Bartolomé de Las Casas description on the atrocities that happened on the island of Cuba. He wrote: "One time the Indians came to meet us and greet us with food and good cheer and entertainment... [T] Hey presented us with a great quantity of fish and bread and other food, together with everything else they could think to do for us. But the Devil entered into the Spaniards, and they put them all to the sword in my presence, without any cause whatsoever. More than three thousand souls were laid out before us: men, women, and children. I saw such great cruelties that no man alive either has or shall see the like." On this day Bartolomé de Las Casas saw the murder of thousands of Indigenous people who had simply come to offer the Europeans gifts. So Las Casas travelled to Spain to appeal to Kind Charles V on behalf of all the Indigenous people who are both living and dead. His efforts led to the New Laws laid down by the government to improve their conditions but settlers with drawled these laws three years later because of the pressure put upon the government.

The conquest of both the Aztec and Incan emperors in New Spain had resulted in great wealth for Spain. Mines in Peru, Boliva, and other areas shipped thousands of tonnes of gold, silver, and priceless emeralds across the ocean to Spain. As a result for an amount of time Spain had been the richest country in Europe. The English sailors were jealous of what the Spanish galleons had on board with them. Englishmen were not jealous any longer though for their shipyards were small, fast, highly maneuverable, and ideal for attacks on the large, slower-moving Spanish Galleons. In little time the English Captains were raiding the Spanish ships and coastal towns in New Spain for treasure. Francis Drake who was known as 'the master thief of the unknown world' led all this.

European Imperialism led to many different things such as: - By 1600 less than one-tenth of the original population of the Americas remained. - Perhaps 90 million people died during this time. - Most died of diseases, such as smallpox, measles, influenza, bubonic plague, yellow fever, cholera, and malaria brought by the Europeans. These diseases were unknown in the Americas; so indigenous people had no immunity, or resistance, to them. - Many Indigenous peoples in the Americas completely died out, among them the Beothuk of Newfoundland and the Ona of Tierra del Fuego.

The Europeans learned five things during the age of exploration. One of these things is that there were no sea monsters everywhere. There original belief is that there were sea monsters everywhere in the water. Another important piece of information they learned is that people everywhere no matters where they go look very similar to themselves. Their third thing that they learned was that the world was very different then they had originally imagined it. They learned this piece of information by sending out expeditions to go explore the unknown and they came back with different results then expected. A new sea route from Asia to Africa is their fourth piece of learning. Sending out expeditions to go find gold and silver on the African border really payed off in such a way that they now no of more land and can take a quicker route to trade. Lastly the Europeans learned that there were two large continents in the world between Europe and Asia. This led to the meeting of Indigenous people and the learning of new cultures. While the Europeans were learning about the world they were also learning about power and wealth. After the Portuguese set up its trading colonies around the shores of the Indian Ocean Portugal had become the most powerful trading country in all of Europe. When the Spanish had conquered the Indigenous people of New Spain and had taken the precious metals, Spain had become the wealthiest country in all of Europe. Other countries in Europe saw that through Imperialism countries could grow wealthy. By the late Renaissance, they began to compete for overseas markets and territories.

Queen Elizabeth I was a true Renaissance monarch. Queen Elizabeth was literate, she could read both Greek and Latin and was a great patron of the arts. It was under her reign that England defeated Spain, the most powerful country in all of Europe at that time, in a naval battle. She had sponsored explorers like Francis Drake and the other settlements in North America. Queen Elizabeth I had contributed to England's transformation into a prosperous trading country and a world power. The military and economic success of England, led on by Queen Elizabeth I, gave its people a sense of confidence and pride. This sense of identity became linked with the achievements of their country which we now today call attitude patriotism.

Expansionism is the actions and attitudes of a state or country whose goal is to expand its power and territory. When the Europeans had discovered the Indigenous people they brought this information back to Europe with them. The Europeans were intrigued by the Indigenous people and they began to question their own way of life. From the images they saw in books the Indigenous people were living closer to nature and were not as bunched together. This challanged the Europeans thinking about their own society. The main question that came up was, 'is it possible that Indigenous peoples had happier lives than Europeans?' On the whole however the Europeans saw themselves as superior to the Indiginous people. From the European perspective they need the resources from the Americas to sustain the European economy and fuel the establishment of colonies. They saw this competition for land and resourves as necessary for their survival and supremacy, and this attitude led to the Europeans disregarding the rights of Indigenous and First Nations peoples to their traditional lands. European expansionism also had contributed to the establishment of the slave trade. It was mainly carried out by English merchants who bought or captured African men, women, and children, packed them tightly into ships, and sent them away to the Americas. They were then sold to plantation owners who needed labourers. The Renaissance and the Age of Exploration were the first steps toward the world we live in today. The invention of the printing press allowed knowledge and ideas to be exchanged across the whole of Europe. Humanism had encouraged people to look beyond the world the knew. Trade and business gave the people motivation to venture into the unknown in hope for riches. And by the end of the Renaissance Europeans had travelled to most of the continents of the world. For the first time in recorded history the people of these continents had made contact with one-another. Wherever these Europeans arrived they shared their religion, ideas, values, and economic system - their worldview. For better or for worse, the Renaissance had a gigantic impact on the world we live in today.