Social Psych – Final Exam – Flashcards
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What is a behavior is directed toward the goal of harming another living being who is motivated to avoid such treatment?
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aggression
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For something to be considered aggression they MUST involve what factors?
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-intent to harm -be directed at a live recipient -victim is motivated to avoid it
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Aggression is not an emotion, but is rather something that can be ________.
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observed
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What type of aggression stems from feelings of anger and aimed at inflicting pain?
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hostile aggression
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What type of aggression is a means to some goal other than causing pain.
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instrumental aggression
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what is an example of instrumental aggression?
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contact sports
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which theory of aggression believes that aggression is part of a larger biological process, to satisfy a drive?
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drive theory
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What is it called when one uses aggression against a substitute target to stop frustration?
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displacement
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Which drive theorist(s) studied displacement?
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Dahler & Miller
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_______ is behaviors that are learned or copied from real or symbolic models
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modelling
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Which theorist(s) studying modelling using a blow-up Bobo doll?
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Bandura, Ross & Ross
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Bandura discovered the children modelled adults regardless of what?
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frustration level
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Who models more, adults or children?
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children
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What variables did Dr King talk about as biochemical factors of aggression?
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-Serotonin -Tryptophan -Testosterone -XYY Syndrome
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Violent criminals have low levels of what brain chemical?
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serotonin
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What can can trigger aggression just like physical provocation?
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verbal provocation
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Situational information that indicates if a person should or should not be held responsible for their actions is called _____?
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mitigating information
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When will women react as aggressively as men?
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when provoked
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Provocation depends on what?
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interpretation
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Who receives more honks for their driving, men or women drivers?
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woman drivers
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who receives more aggression, male or female linecutters?
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female linecutters
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which theory states that arousal generated in one context may transfer & intensify a subsequent emotional state
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excitation transfer theory
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What environmental factors can increase aggression?
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-hot weather -negative affect
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Which theorist(s) discovered that noxious stimuli (noise, heat) cause a negative emotional response that may increase aggression?
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Baron
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______ states that some behaviors are mutually exclusive (engaging in one behavior precludes engaging in an opposite behavior)
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model of incompatible responses
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Give an example of a behavior incompatible with anger.
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humor
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According to the text, video game playing had a ________ correlation with aggressive behaviors in children
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positive
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According to the text, adults showed the (same/different) correlation with aggressive behaviors as children.
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same
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According to the text, the availability of pornography increased or decreased explicit sexual behavior?
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increased
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According to the text, prolonged exposure to violent pornography against women made viewers ____ accepting of that kind of violence and ____ less sympathetic towards the victim
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more ; less
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_______ is a state of anonymity that may produce a decrease in inhibition against deviant behavior
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deindividuation
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which theorist(s) studied deindividuation?
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Zimbardo
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In Zimbardo's study, which group received the highest rate of shock, Mock KKK, control, or highly individuated group?
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Mock KKK
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In Zimbardo's study, which group received the lowest rate of shock, Mock KKK, control, or highly individuated group?
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highly individuated group
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Deindividuation produces a decrease in ________ because person is focused on the victim and not themselves
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private self-consciousness
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when a crowd encourages aggression, it's called what?
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baiting behavior
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Which theorist(s) studied baiting behavior by looking at attempted jumping suicides?
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Mann
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When did Mann discover baiting behavior increased?
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-evening -jumper on floors 6-12 -summer months
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Subjects were more likely to administer shock to a _____ victim that a _____ victim
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"similar" ; "different"
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______ is an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its member
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prejudice
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________ is a generalized negative belief about a group of people (attitude)
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stereotype
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________ is a negative predisposition or action against a group of people (behavior)
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discrimination
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The tendency to focus on positive aspects of one's own group is the ______ bias
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in-group
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The tendency to focus on the negative aspects of other people's groups is the _____ bias
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out-group
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An attitude that serves to discredit a person in the eyes of others is called what?
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stigma
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what theorist(s) was the first to study prejudice by seeing which ethnicity of doll was preferred by young girls
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Clark & Clark
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what were the results of Clark & Clark's doll study?
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both black and whit girls preferred the white doll over the back one
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a _______ occurs when people get frustrated and look for someone to blame for all problems
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scapegoat bias
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what serves as an evolutionary value as the process of making judgments/distinctions between people
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categorization
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the perception of outgroup members as more similar to one another than members of one's ingroup
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outgroup homogeneity effect
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Blatantly negative stereotypes based on racial superiority and open opposition to racial equality
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old fashioned racism
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Attitudes toward a group that includes both egalitarian social values and negative emotions
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Aversive Racism
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Aversive racists are ______ around other races
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uncomfortable
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Cooperative learning method used to reduce prejudice through group interaction
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Jigsaw classroom
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which theorist(s) created the jigsaw classroom?
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Aronson
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What was Aronson's contact hypothesis?
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Increased contact between members of various social groups can reduce prejudice between them
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_____ is shift in the boundary between a person's ingroup and an outgroup
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recategorization
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______ Perception of an outgroup member as an exception to their outgroup
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subtyping
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an example of subtyping would be
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"I don't like this person's race, but I like that individual person"
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which theorist(s) did the classic study on conflict and cooperation referred to as Robber's Cave?
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Sherif, White & Harvey
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Why did Sherif go to the extent he did with matching the Robber's Cave boys as closely as possible and insuring no prior interaction between any of the boys?
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he wanted to create situation where conflict was created by him between eachother and not have the conflict brought into the situation by the kids.
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What was the focus of Phase 1 of the Robber's Cave study?
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intragroup relations
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intragroup relations looks at relations _____ the group(s)
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within
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In which phase of the Robber's Cave study was a hierarchial status and regulatory norms estabolished?
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Phase 1
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What were the names of the two groups of the YALE version of the Robber's cave study?
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-Red Devils -Bull Dogs
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What were the names of the two groups of the Oklahoma version of the Robber's cave study?
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-Eagles -Rattlers
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Phase 1 of the Robber's Cave showed Sherif what about the boys?
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some were natural leaders and others were natural followers
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What was the focus of Phase 2 of the Robber's Cave study?
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intergroup relations
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intergroup relations looks at relations ______ the group(s)
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between
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Phase 2 of the Robber's Cave study shows the emergence of what?
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Dichotomies (ingroups/outgroups)
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What was the focus of Phase 3 of the Robber's Cave study?
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Reduction of intergroup hostility
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What was Sherif surprised to see before he could intervene in the Robber's Cave study
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Negotiation between the boys attempting to come to a resolution
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In the Robber's Cave study, how did Sherif get the boys to finally work together?
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giving them a superordinate goal
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a task that cannot be solved by one group that requires joint effort to achieve solution is called?
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superordinate goal
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What superordinate goal did Sherif give the boys in the Robber's Cave study?
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stalled truck
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What famous study inspired Aronson's Jigsaw study?
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Sherif's Robber's cave study
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What book was inspired by the Sherif's Robber's Cave study?
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Lord of the Flies
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_____ is uncritical acceptance of a course of action by members of a close knit group.
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group think
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what theorist(s) studied group think?
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Janis
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What first inspired Janis to study group think?
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-JFK -Bay of Pigs
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What conditions foster group think?
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-cohesiveness -isolation -failure to consider alternatives -strong, directive leader -high degree of stress
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What is a major factor in the consenting nature of group think?
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silence = consent
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Attempts on the part of one or more persons to change the behavior, feelings or thoughts of others is called _____
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social influence
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_______ is a change in behavior in accordance with a direct request
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compliance
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What are two reasons for compliance?
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-Balance of Equity theory -Mindlessness
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which reason for compliance is due to maintaining equilibrium in our interpersonal relations?
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balance of equity
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what reason for compliance is due to complying without questioning
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mindlessness
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When inducing compliance, which method increases the attractiveness of goal to target person?
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ingratiation
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which theorist began as a door-to-door salesman?
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Cialdini
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Which of Cialdini's techniques invited rejection upfront?
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door-in-the-face technique
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For the door-in-the-face technique, you would make ______ requests first, then follow with _____ requests as a compromise.
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large ; small
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What is the process of bargaining & compromise called that makes the door-in-the-face technique work?
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reciprocal concessions
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______ is the alteration of one's behavior or attitudes to adhere to widely accepted standards or beliefs (i.e. social norms)
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conformity
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What are the two types of conformity?
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-public compliance -private acceptance
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Which type of conformity is superficial conformity?
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public compliance
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which type of conformity does the individual believe the group is actually right, and they are wrong?
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private acceptance
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Which theorist(s) looked at the power of conformity in context of social pressure, using a simple diagram of lines?
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Solomon Asch
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Which theorist(s) studied obedience by having the subject ("teacher") shock the confederate ("learner")
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Milgram
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In Milgram's original study, what percentage of individuals delivered maximum shock?
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65%
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When Milgram replicated his original study in a fake office location in CT, what percentage of individuals delivered maximum shock?
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48%
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When Milgram gave the teacher an assistant to administer the shocks, what percentage of individuals delivered maximum shock?
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93%
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When Milgram used two disobedient confederate teachers, what percentage of individuals delivered maximum shock?
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10%
