Social and Behavioral theories & public health
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
why is theory important to health promotion and health behavior practice?
answer
they help maintain and improve health, reduce disease risks, and manage chronic diseases can also lead to successes in behavior change
question
what is theory?
answer
a set of concepts, constructs, definitions, and propositions that help explain and predict events or situations by illustrating relationships between variables
question
How can theory help plan effective programs?
answer
theories help planners look at the bigger picture and develop unique, tailored solutions to problems like interventions and evaluating their successes answers \"why, what, and how\" of health problems helps identify most suitable target audiences, methods for fostering change, and outcomes for evaluation
question
Explanatory theory
answer
describes why a problem exists HBM, TPB, PAPM
question
Change theory
answer
guides the development of interventions diffusion of innovations
question
why are culture and ethnicity critical to consider when applying theory to a health problem?
answer
1. morbidity and morality rates vary by race and ethnicity 2. differences in prevalence of risk behavior 3. determinants of health behaviors vary
question
ecological perspective
answer
highlights people's interactions with their physical and social-cultural environments 1. behavior affects and is affected by multiple levels of influences 2. individual behavior shapes and is shaped by the social environment
question
ecological perspective: influences
answer
intrapersonal factors interpersonal factors organizational factors community factors public policy factors
question
Intrapersonal factors
answer
Individual characteristics that influence behavior, such as knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and personality traits
question
Interpersonal factors
answer
Interpersonal processes and primary groups, including family, friends, and peers that provide social identity, support, and role definition
question
Organizational factors
answer
Rules, regulations, policies, and informal structures, which may constrain or promote recommended behaviors
question
Community factors
answer
Social networks and norms, or standards, which exist as formal or informal among individuals, groups, and organizations
question
Public policies
answer
Local, state, and federal policies and laws that regulate or support healthy actions and practices for disease prevention, early detection, control, and management
question
Individual and Interpersonal theory key concepts
answer
behavior is mediated by cognition knowledge is necessary for most behavior change perceptions, motivations, skills, and social environment influences on behavior
question
Health Belief Model
answer
addresses people's beliefs about whether or not they susceptible to disease, and their perceptions of the benefits of trying to avoid it, influenced their readiness to act
question
Health Belief Model 6 constructs
answer
Perceived susceptibility: belief that they are susceptible to a condition perceived severity: belief that the condition has serious consequences perceived benefits: belief that taking action would reduce their susceptibility or severity perceived barriers: belief that cost of taking action outweighs the benefits cues to action: exposed to factors that prompt action self-efficacy: confidence to perform an action
question
Transtheoretical Model/Stages of Change
answer
describes individuals' motivation and readiness to change a behavior behavior change is a process, not an event easy to relapse at any stage
question
Transtheoretical Model 5 stages
answer
Precontemplation: no intention of taking action Contemplation: intends to take action Preparation: intends to take action and develops concrete action plans Action: has changed behavior; social support and reinforcement maintenance: has maintained this changed behavior; avoiding relapses
question
Theory of Planned Behavior/Theory of Reasoned Action
answer
explore the relationship between behavior and beliefs, attitudes, and intentions. behavioral intention is the most important determinant of behavior.
question
TPB/TRA key concepts
answer
Behavioral intention: Perceived likelihood of performing behavior Attitude: Personal evaluation of the behavior Subjective norm: Beliefs about whether key people approve or disapprove of the behavior; motivation to behave in a way that gains their approval Perceived behavioral control:Belief that one has, and can exercise, control over performing the behavior **only in TPB
question
What is the difference between TPB and TRA?
answer
TPB includes an additional construct, perceived behavioral control; this construct has to do with people's beliefs that they can controla particular behavior
question
Precaution Adoption Process Model
answer
names seven stages in an individual's journey from awareness to action. It begins with lack of awareness and advances through subsequent stages of becoming aware, deciding whether or not to act, acting, and maintaining the behavior.
question
PAPM 7 stages
answer
1. Unaware of issue 2. unengaged by issue 3. deciding about acting 4. decided not to act 5. decided to act 6. acting 7. maintenance
question
Interpersonal level theory concepts
answer
assume individuals exist within, and are influenced by, a social environment. The opinions, thoughts, behavior, advice, and support of the people surrounding an individual influence his or her feelings and behavior, and the individual has a reciprocal effect on those people.
question
Social Cognitive Theory
answer
describes a dynamic, ongoing process in which personal factors, environmental factors, and human behavior exert influence upon each other
question
SCT 3 main factors that can affect the likelihood that a person will change a behavior
answer
self-efficacy** goals outcome expectancies
question
SCT 6 concepts
answer
1. reciprocal determinism: interaction of the person, behavior, and the environment in which the behavior is performed 2. behavioral capability: Knowledge and skill to perform a given behavior 3. expectations: Anticipated outcomes of a behavior 4. self-efficacy: Confidence in one's ability to take action and overcome barriers 5. observational learning: Behavioral acquisition that occurs by watching the actions and outcomes of others' behavior 6. reinforcements: Responses to a person's behavior that increase or decrease the likelihood of reoccurrence
question
Community level models
answer
explore how social systems function and change and how to mobilize community members and organizations. They offer strategies that work in a variety of settings, such as health care institutions, schools, worksites, community groups, and government agencies.
question
Diffusion of Innovations Theory
answer
addresses how ideas, products, and social practices that are perceived as \"new\" spread throughout a society or from one society to another.
question
DOI 4 concepts
answer
1. innovation: An idea, object, or practice that is thought to be new by an individual, organization, or community 2. communication channels: The means of transmitting the new idea from one person to another 3. Social system: A group of individuals who together adopt the innovation 4. Time: How long it takes to adopt the innovation
question
Communication theory
answer
explores \"who says what, in which channels, to whom, and with what effects.\" It investigates how messages are created, transmitted, received, and assimilated.
question
Planning Models
answer
help practitioners develop programs step by step, integrating multiple theories to explain and address health problems
question
Social Marketing
answer
uses marketing techniques to influence the voluntary behavior of target audience members for health benefit
question
the 4 P's of social marketing
answer
Product (the right kind of behavioral change) includes not only the behavior that is being promoted, but also the benefits that go along with it. • Price (an exchange of benefits and costs) refers to barriers or costs involved in adopting the behavior (e.g., money, time, effort). • Place (making new behaviors easy to do) is about making the \"product\" accessible and convenient. It means delivering benefits in the right place at the right time. • Promotion (delivering the message to the audience) is how the practitioner notifies the target market of the product, as well as its benefits, reasonable cost, and convenience.
question
PRECEDE-PROCEED model
answer
It does not predict or explain factors linked to the outcomes of interest, but offers a framework for identifying intervention strategies to address these factors. an \"educational diagnosis\" (PRECEDE) and an \"ecological diagnosis\" (PROCEED
question
PRECEDE
answer
acronym stands for Predisposing, Reinforcing, Enabling Constructs in Educational/ Environmental Diagnosis and Evaluation an educational diagnosis is needed to design a health promotion intervention, just as a medical diagnosis is needed to design a treatment plan.
question
PROCEED
answer
stands for Policy, Regulatory, and Organizational Constructs in Educational and Environmental Development. to take into account the impact of environmental factors on health
question
PRECEDE steps
answer
(1) social assessment: data collection like surveys (2) epidemiological assessment: secondary data analysis or original data collection (3) behavioral and environmental assessment:internal and external factor identification (4) educational and ecological assessment: identifies antecedent and reinforcing factors that must be in place to initiate and sustain change (5) administrative and policy assessment: information gathered in previous steps; the availability of needed resources; and organizational policies and regulations that could affect program implementation
question
PROCEED steps
answer
(6) implementation: prepare plans for evaluating the process (7) process evaluation: gauges the extent to which a program is being carried out according to plan (8) impact evaluation: looks at changes in factors (i.e., predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors) that influence the likelihood that behavioral and environmental change will occur. (9) outcome evaluation: looks at whether the intervention has affected health and quality-of-life indicators.
