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-prejudice,

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a beliefs out an individual or group that is not subject to change on the basis of evidence. -

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stereotype,

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generalizing a set of characteristics to all members of the group

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-Individual discrimination:

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Overt and intentional unequal treatment, often based on prejudicial beliefs.

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-Institutionalized discrimination:

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Unequal treatment that has become a part of the routine operation of such major social institutions as businesses, schools, hospitals, and the government.

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brothering,

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one of us.

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Othering,

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not one of us.

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Race

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A group sharing apparent physical traits deemed by society to be socially significant.

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-Ethnicity:

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The attribution of characteristics to groups of people who share a common cultural (including religious) heritage.

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-Minorities:

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Groups of people who are discriminated against on the basis of socially constructed characteristics.

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-Prejudice:

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A belief about an individual or a group that is not subject to change on the basis of evidence.

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-stereotype,

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generalizing a set of characteristics to all members of the group

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- Discrimination:

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The unequal treatment of individuals on the basis of their membership in a group.

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- Expulsion:

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The forcible removal of a population.

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-Segregation:

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The physical and social separation of different categories of people.

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-Assimilation:

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The absorption of a minority group into the dominant culture.

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-cultural pluralism,

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-cultural pluralism,The coexistence of different racial and ethnic groups characterized by acceptance and respect for one another's differences.

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-Racism:

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Institutionalized relationships between dominant and minority groups that create a structure of economic, social, and political inequality based on socially constructed racial or ethnic categories.

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-stigma

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an attribute that is deeply disturbing to an individual or group because it overshadows other attributes and merits an individual may posses.

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4. Must racial/ethnic \"minorities\" always be a numerical minority? Why/why not?

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-No, they must only have the lesser amount of power.

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1)Scapegoat theory

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-people who are themselves disadvantaged feel frustrated -risky to blame the boss or the system -instead they blame \"minorities\"(ex: the scape goats) for their troubles

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authoritarian personality theory

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-some people have authoritarian personalities -conformist, submissive to authority, intolerant, rigid stereotypic thinking -society as naturally competitive with \"better\" people (like them) dominating \"weaker\" persons (ex: minorities)

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culture theories

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-culture itself is prejudice -culture teaches members to view certain categories of people as \"better\" or \"worse\" than others

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Conflict theory/ perspective of prejudice

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A) prejudice often benefits the elites -powerful people use prejudice to justify oppressing others -elites benefit when workers are divided along race/ class/ gender lines B) minority group members may use a \"race card\" -back lash by majority group members who oppose \"special

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How will dominant and subordinate racial/ethnic groups change in the U.S. by 2060 and why will such changes occur?

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-the white ethnic majority will give way to a multi racial minority due to a decrease in whit fertility rates and an increase in minority first illite and immigration.

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-THE FUNCTIONALIST PERSPECTIVE of racism

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One of functionalism's key assumptions is that a social phenomenon exists and persists because it serves a positive function in a community or society, contributing to order and harmony. Auguste Comte and Emile Durkheim

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-THE CONFLICT PERSPECTIVE of racism

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Consider that racism, offers a justification for racial inequality and interlinked forms of stratification such as socioeconomic inequality. If a powerful group defines itself as \"better\" than another group, then the unequal treatment and distribution of resources can be rationalized as acceptable.

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-THE SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONIST PERSPECTIVE of racism

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Sociologist Louis Wirth (1945) wrote that minority groups share particular traits. First, membership in the minority group is essentially involuntary—that is, someone is socially classified as a member of the discriminated group and is not, in most instances, free to opt out. Second, minority status is a question not of numbers (\"minorities\"may outnumber the dominant group), but rather of control of valued resources. Third, minorities do not share the full privileges of mobility or opportunity enjoyed by the dominant group. Finally, membership in the minority group conditions the treatment of group members by others in society. Specifically, Wirth writes that societal minorities are \"treated as members of a category, irrespective of their individual merits\" (p. 349).

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Prison population and race (and implications for political participation)

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-One of the key rights of U.S. citizenship is the right to vote— that is, the right to have a voice in the country's political process. Some citizens, however, are denied this right. Many of those have been legally disenfranchised because of state laws that prohibit ex-felons who have served their prison sentences from voting. Statistically speaking, this translates into about 5.3 million disenfranchised individuals and, among them, roughly 1.4 million Black men. A staggering 13% of the Black population cannot legally vote as a direct result of these laws.

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10. Implications of prejudice & discrimination on health

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10. Implications of prejudice & discrimination on health (see text) -Sociologists studying discrimination are also interested in the health of populations. Some argue that racism and other dis advantages suffered by Black women in the United States con tribute to the much higher level of negative birth outcomes in this population, including low birth weight and infant mortality (Colen et al., 2006). Consider the following statistics: Black women are 60% more likely than White women to experience premature births, and Black babies are about 230% more likely to die before the age of 1 (Norris, 2011). Black women are also more than twice as likely to give birth to very low-weight infants than their White or Latina sisters (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012e). These data suggest that race trumps other identified predictors of health, including age, income, and educational attainment.

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-gender roles,

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The attitudes and behaviors that are considered appropriately \"masculine\" or \"feminine\" in a particular culture.

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Sex:

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Anatomical or other biological differences between males and females that originate in genetic differences.

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Gender:

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Behavioral differences between males and females that are culturally based and socially learned.

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Transgender:

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An umbrella term used to describe all those who identify outside of their assigned sex or outside the gender binary.

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Transsexuals:

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People who use surgery and hormones to change their sex to match their preferred gender.

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Sexuality:

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The ways in which people construct their sexual desires and relationships, including the norms governing sexual behavior.

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-sex category,

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The socially required identification display that confirms someone's membership in a given category.

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gender stratification,

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Unequal distribution of wealth, power and social resources between men and women

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-patriarchy,

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Any set of social relationships in which men dominate women.

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-\"glass ceiling,\"

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An artificial boundary that allows women to see the next occupational or salary level even as structural obstacles keep them from reaching it.

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-\"glass escalator,\"

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Glass escalator: The nearly invisible promotional boost men gain in female-dominated occupations.

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-\"mommy track,\"

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having difficulty getting and progressing in jobs due to the implication that she will have or does have children.

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-feminism,

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The belief that social equality should exist between the sexes, as well as the social movements aimed at achieving that goal.

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-sexual harassment,

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Unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, or physical conduct of a sexual nature when such conduct is used as a condition of employment, instruction, evaluation, benefits, or other opportunities; or when such conduct interferes with an individual's performance or contributes to an intimidating, hostile, or offensive environment.

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-second shift,

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A phrase used by sociologists to characterize the unpaid housework that women typically do after they come home from their paid employment

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-Sexism,

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subordination of one gender (usually female) based assumed superiority of the other sex.

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-gender-based prejudice,

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male supervisors witnesses a female doing a great job , but still believes that women can not do the job.

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Individual gender discrimination,

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such as one person discriminating against one other.

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Institutional gender discrimination,

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such as a larger organization,(u.m. Or u.s. Gov) discriminating against many women.

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Equal Pay Act of 1963

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is a United States federal law amending the Fair Labor Standards Act, aimed at abolishing wage disparity based on sex

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Comparable Worth

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-equal pay for jobs requiring similar levels of skill and expertise to perform Example: female prison matrons and male prison guards -lost lawsuit because they had different job titles, so the difference in pay was acceptable

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Sociological perspectives & gender Functional

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-society socializes males and females to preform different, complimentary roles that match biological differences.

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Sociological perspectives & gender Conflict (Marxist)

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-gender inequality in family and workplace due to male control and domination over women and resources.

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Sociological perspectives & gender Feminist, *slide:

answer

belief that women and men are equal, and should be valued equally, and should have equal rights.

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-Liberal feminism:

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The belief that women's inequality is primarily the result of imperfect institutions, which can be corrected by reforms that do not fundamentally alter society itself.

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-Socialist feminism:

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The belief that women's inequality results from the combination of capitalistic economic relations and male domination, arguing that both must be transformed fundamentally before women can achieve equality.

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-Radical feminism:

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The belief that women's inequality underlies all other forms of inequality, including economic inequality.

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Multicultural feminism:

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The belief that inequality must be understood—and ended—for all women, regardless of race, class, nationality, age, sexual orientation, physical ability, or other characteristics

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-Family:

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A group of people who identify themselves as being related to one another, usually by blood, marriage, or adoption, and who share intimate relationships and dependency.

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-Marriage:

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A culturally approved relationship, usually between two individuals, which provides a degree of economic cooperation, emotional intimacy, and sexual activity.

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-Monogamy:

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A form of marriage in which a person may have only one spouse at a time

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-Polygamy:

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A form of marriage in which a person may have more than one spouse at a time.

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-Polygyny:

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A form of marriage in which a man may have multiple wives.

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-Polyandry:

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A form of marriage in which a woman may have multiple husbands.

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-homogamy (endogamy in text),

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A characteristic of marriages in which partners are limited to members of the same social group or caste.

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-patrilineal,

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fathers side of the family

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-matrilineal,

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mothers side of the family

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-bilateral descent,

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mothers and fathers side of the family

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-patriarchy,

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father has the power in the family

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-matriarchy,

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mother has power in the family

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-egalitarian authority,

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mother and father share the authority

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-. Extended family:

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A social group consisting of one or more parents, children, and other kin, often spanning several generations, living in the same household.

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-Nuclear family:

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A social group consisting of one or two parents and their biological, dependent children with no other kin.

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-breadwinner,

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the primary income source for a family (traditional male).

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-civil union,

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Legal unions that fall short of marriage but provide some state-level legal rights and benefits.

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-Domestic partnerships:

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Legal unions that provide a circumscribed spectrum of rights and benefits to same-sex couples.

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-domestic (family) violence,

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Physical or sexual abuse committed by one family member against another.

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feminists Paradigms & their approach to family

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challenged a social order that gave males privileged access to the sphere offering capitalism's prized rewards, including status, independence, opportunities for advancement, and, of course, money.

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Functionalists Paradigms & their approach to family

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Family is universal because it fulfills basic and social needs Economic production Socialization of kids Care of sick and aged Recreation Sexual control -who gets the wealth eventually -control over the wife and passing wealth to your children Reproduction As the function of family have weakened, divorce has increased But marriage and family are still useful to the persistence and smooth running of society

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-Conflict theory Paradigms & their approach to family

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Marriage and family perpetuate inequality Property and inheritance Engels: family originated because of men's needs for heirs to give property to their sons Families support concentration of wealth over the generations -wealth staying in the family Within the family there is a struggle over scarce resources (ex: food, free time) -chores that need to be done: feeding the family, house work, shopping for food and supplies -ex: most American men resist doing housework Women pull a \"2nd or 3rd\" shift at home -women working full time tend to spend a great deal more hours doing household work more than men working full time (except outside work)

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-Symbolic interactions Paradigms & their approach to family

answer

Contrasting perspectives of men and women are acted out in marriage Some women like to fill the \"housewife\" role Some men like to fill the \"bread winner\" or \"good provider role\" Of \"good provider\" men lose their job or earn less than their wives, do they perform more housework and take up the slack? -no! They tend to do LESS housework so as not to threaten their \"bread winner\" image

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-nation state,

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A single people governed by a political authority. Similar to the modern notion of \"country.\"

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-Law:

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A system of binding and recognized rules that regulate the actions of people pertaining to a given jurisdiction.

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-Citizen:

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A legally recognized inhabitant of a country who bears the rights and responsibilities of citizenship as defined by the state.

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-noncitizen,

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Individuals who reside in a given jurisdiction but do not possess the same rights and privileges as the citizens who are recognized inhabitants. Sometimes referred to as residents, temporary workers, or aliens.

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-Coercion:

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The threat or use of physical force in order to ensure compliance.

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-Legitimate authority:

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Power that is recognized as rightful by those over whom it is exercised.

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-Traditional authority:

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Power based on a belief in the sanctity of long-standing traditions and the legitimate right of rulers to exercise authority in accordance with those traditions.

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-Rational-legal authority:

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Power based on a belief in the lawfulness of enacted rules (laws) and the legitimate right of leaders to exercise authority under such rules.

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-Charismatic authority:

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Power based on devotion inspired in followers by the personal qualities of a leader.

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-authoritarianism,

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A form of governance in which ordinary members of society are denied the right to participate in government, while political power is exercised by and for the benefit of a small political elite.

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-Monarchy:

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A form of governance in which power resides in an individual or a family and is passed from one generation to the next through hereditary lines.

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-dictatorship,

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A form of governance in which power rests in a single individual.

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-Totalitarianism:

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A form of governance that denies popular political participation in government as well as seeks to regulate and control all aspects of the public and private lives of citizens.

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-Democracy:

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A form of governance in which citizens are able to participate directly or indirectly in their own governance.

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Direct democracy:

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A political system in which all citizens fully participate in their own governance.

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Representative democracy:

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A political system in which citizens elect representatives to govern them.

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-electoral college,

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a voting party that is directly voted for by the people, who do not themselves directly vote.

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-Political Action Committees (PACs),

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Organizations created by groups such as corporations, unions, environmentalists, and other interest groups for the purpose of gathering money and contributing to political candidates who favor the groups' interests.

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Power: Force

answer

-actual or threatened use of coercion to impose one's will on others -Kent state shooting U.S. sent in military forces

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Power: Influence

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-the exercise of power through a process of persuasion -rally change people's views or persuade them

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Power: Authority

answer

-power that has been institutionalized and is recognized as legitimate by the people over whom it is exercised

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Authority: Traditional

answer

-ex: how things have always been done -accepted without being questioned -not necessary a written rule

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Authority:Charismatic

answer

-able to pull people to a cause with their charisma

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Authority: rational-legal

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-made legitimate by law or written rules; bureaucratic -certain powers are given to each institution such as the different parts of our government

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Important agents of socialization in political socialization

answer

-parents School Mass media

The Impact of Prejudice, Stereotypes and Discrimination

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