question

According to Daniel Patrick Moynihan's 1965 report, what was the main cause of poverty for the Black population?

answer

family structure

question

Contemporary American Indians who live on reservations or other tribal lands are often socially isolated and poor, these are social conditions that may contribute to higher (choose all that apply)

answer

rates of suicide and diabetes and alcoholism

question

barred Chinese from becoming citizens and blocked new immigration, preventing families from reunifying in the United States

answer

chinese exclusion act 1882

question

minimal immigration as a result of a country-based quota system

answer

immigration act 1924

question

permitted wives and children of World War II and Korean War veterans to immigrate

answer

war brides act 1945

question

extension of temporary work permits to Mexican laborers, which led to permanent settlement of families in the United States

answer

bracero program 1942-64

question

lifted all numerical restrictions on the immigration of spouses, children, and parents of U.S. citizens and ended the country-based quota system; most immigrants now come as family members.

answer

amendments to the immigration and nationality act 1965

question

Illegal border crossing is more dangerous and undocumented male immigrants are more likely to establish permanent residence and bring their families.

answer

homeland security act 2002

question

Potential immigrants must be notified if their future spouses have a criminal history or have applied for multiple immigrant petitions. Has not been effectively implemented.

answer

international marriage broker regulation act 2005

question

James and Natasha identify as African American. Reflecting a dominant pattern for African Americans, they have children together and are not married. Sociologists might explain their family structure as reflecting

answer

a response to economic challenges and lack of opportunity

question

Jews share a common cultural identification that includes a combination of language, religion, ancestral origin, and/or traditional practices. According to your textbook, Jews are most accurately described as

answer

an ethnic group

question

Lin marries someone from inside his cultural group. Which term best applies to this situation?

answer

endogamy

question

Maria, a Latina immigrant, set aside her dreams of continuing her education in order to work to send money to her family in her country of origin. This is an example of the cultural trait of

answer

familism

question

The fact that the U.S. government has changed the Census categories for race every decade is a good example of how race and ethnicity are

answer

socially constructed

question

The pattern of high educational achievement and intergenerational living by Asian Americans may be explained by cultural traditions, but also by

answer

highly educated professional parents who provide models and opportunities for their children

question

The scholarly view that Black families are resilient and adaptive understands Black family structure as a

answer

reaction to persistent poverty

question

What contributed to the Black "retreat from marriage"?

answer

deindustrialization

question

What is the relationship between industrial change and Black family structure in the past 40 years?

answer

manufacturing opportunities declined and marriage rates declined

question

When Irish immigrants arrived in the United States in large numbers in the mid-nineteenth century, they faced discrimination and poverty. By 1960, John F. Kennedy, an Irish American, was elected president. This is an example of assimilation, the process by which

answer

the distinction between immigrants and mainstream society is gradually reduced

question

When a neighborhood includes just a few poor families, those families can rely on friends and neighbors for support. Which of the following happened as a result of the deindustrialization of northern cities and the concentration of urban poverty (choose all that apply)?

answer

funding for schools declined, local churches lost members and financial support

question

Which of the following best explains the decline in marriage among African Americans in the last several decades?

answer

the lack of suitable marriage partners available for women

question

Which of the following are reasons that race is socially constructed and not biologically given (choose all that apply)?

answer

racial categories vary from one culture to another, if we line up all humans by skin color, they would not align with existing racial categories

question

Why is intermarriage the "litmus" test of racial and ethnic difference?

answer

its frequency allows the measurement of the integration of two groups

question

_______ identities and categories reflect perceptions about physical similarities that are assumed to be innate.

answer

racial

question

__________ in northern industrial cities meant that poverty was ________ in communities with a majority of Black residents when good-paying blue collar jobs were eliminated by corporations.

answer

residential segregation, concentrated

question

A group of people who share common interests and experiences a similar level of education, and a comparable income level can be referred to as

answer

a social class

question

A reporter is writing an article about social mobility in the United States. As a sociologist, you advise her that

answer

there is little substantial upward social mobility

question

According to Cohen, what is the strongest predictor of a person growing up to be poor?

answer

poverty and family structure in childhood are related and equally strong predictors

question

According to your textbook, what is exploitation?

answer

the process by which the labor of some procedures wealth for others

question

According to your textbook, which pattern would show a society with a big division between social classes?

answer

many family ties within each class and few ties between classes

question

Alyssa was born to a young single mother and grew up in a poor rural area with low-quality schools. According to the sociological concept of life chances, she has a __________ of becoming rich because __________.

answer

low chance, the practical chance of doing so is small

question

Children growing up with a single parent face particular challenges to social mobility. These include

answer

lower incomes, less time with parens, and less access to social capital

question

Children who live with __________ are concentrated in higher-income families, while children who live with __________ are concentrated in lower-income families.

answer

married parents, a single parent

question

Children whose parents are college educated are __________ likely to have Internet access at home and to spend __________ time watching television than those whose parents have a high school diploma or less.

answer

more, less

question

Elizabeth takes piano lessons, plays on a travel soccer team, attends after-school tutoring sessions, goes to science camp, and is encouraged by her parents to question teachers, doctors, and other adults in positions of authority. Elizabeth's college-educated professional parents engage in a style of parenting called

answer

concerted cultivation

question

Functionalist theories argue that since social inequality exists in all societies, it

answer

serves an essential purpose

question

In her research on social class and parenting, Annette Lareau found that poor and working-class parents engaged in a style of parenting she called the accomplishment of natural growth. These parents believed their children's success would be the natural outcome of a childhood spent

answer

playing informally and hanging out in mixed-age groups of friends and family

question

Jennifer's father was a lower-level manager of a department store. Jennifer was able to go to college and get her master's degree in business administration, and now she is a district manager overseeing all department stores that operate on the West Coast. This is an example of

answer

social mobility

question

Kai and his family live in a small town in Minnesota and Amelia and her family live in Boston. According to the federal poverty line, both families are poor. However, the poverty line __________, making things even more difficult for Amelia's family in such an expensive city.

answer

does not consider geographical differences in cost of living

question

Pallavi's parents are professionals, as are their siblings and most of their friends. They are able to draw on their social networks to help Pallavi achieve her goals. This is an example of

answer

bourdieus social capital

question

Since the 1950s, family income inequality in the United States has

answer

increased dramatically

question

Since the 1970s, what has happened to the education earnings gap?

answer

the gap between college graduates and high school graduates earnings has increased

question

The fact that American Indians, Latinos, and African Americans are about three times more likely to be poor than whites is evidence of

answer

the concentration of poverty by race-ethnicity

question

What happened to the poverty rate in the 2000s?

answer

it increased dramatically

question

Which of the following explain why the poor have had a difficult time moving out of poverty? Choose all that apply.

answer

they tend to be single-parent families (which are usually headed by women), the value of the federal minimum wage has declined significantly over the last 40 years

question

according to research, males and females are

answer

more alike than different

question

Andi's sex chromosomes do not match her sexual anatomy. Her condition is known as

answer

intersex

question

Andre and Latisha have a son and daughter. Their son is expected to mow the lawn, take out the garbage, and wash the cars. Their daughter is expected to cook meals, vacuum, and pull weeds in the garden. This is an example of

answer

gender socialization

question

For as long as she can remember, Nilay has liked to play with dolls while her brother prefers trucks and tools. These were the toys they were given by their parents and their books contained illustrations of these same preferences. This is an example of

answer

gender socialization

question

In occupations that require similar levels of job training, education, and risk, those dominated by men tend to have __________ wages and __________ status than those dominated by women.

answer

higher, higher

question

Jos was born female and was raised as a girl, but identifies as a man. His __________ does not match his assigned sex and is described as __________.

answer

gender identity; transgender

question

Most people who have cosmetic surgery choose procedures that

answer

enhance the difference between the sexes

question

Recently, some governments have begun to legally recognize that

answer

there are more than two possible genders

question

Research finds that religious Americans are more likely than nonreligious people to

answer

believe breadwinner-homemaker families are best

question

Shawn was born with ambiguous genitalia and XX chromosomes. This is a condition known as __________, and as a result Shawn's parents decided to label her female and raise her as a girl.

answer

intersex

question

socialization

answer

is a life-long process by which people learn to act and thing, in light of what they believe others expect of them

question

the association of the color pink with girls and blue with boys

answer

is a relatively new gender rule

question

The occupation with the highest percentage of men is __________, while the occupation with the highest percentage of women is __________.

answer

electricians, pre-k and k teachers

question

The segregation of women and men into particular occupations can be explained (at least in part) by which of the following? Choose all that apply.

answer

individual choices shaped by childhood gender socialization, employer bias

question

the term doing gender refers to

answer

turning sex categories into gender identities through personal interactions

question

transgender people are people whose

answer

gender identity does not match their assigned sex

question

When Anna was pregnant the ultrasound showed a female baby so she and her family and friends bought pink clothes, dolls, and other feminine items. They all assumed the baby's __________ based on the __________.

answer

gender; sex

question

When individuals internalize elements of the social structure and make those elements part of their personalities, they have experienced the results of

answer

socialization

question

which pair of terms refers to biological sex

answer

male and female

question

which statement is true about male and female death rates

answer

males are more likely to die at every age

question

A survey used to study the benefits of marriage is given to members of a community. The results show that married respondents tend to have higher levels of income and higher levels of education compared to unmarried respondents. The findings of this survey likely demonstrate a __________ because the cause (marriage) has been

answer

selection effect

question

A woman choosing to delay marriage longer than her mother did because she is able to support herself financially is an example of how __________ can contribute to declining marriage rates.

answer

economics

question

According to the textbook, the marriage of Barack and Michelle Obama, two Harvard-educated lawyers, illustrates the role __________ plays in choosing a marriage partner.

answer

socialization

question

Asian-American women are twice as likely to marry non-Asians as are Asian men. This creates an intermarriage imbalance, which results in Asian-American men being less likely to get married at a young age. This is an example of __________ impacting marriage choices.

answer

demography

question

Economic instability has become pronounced among young adults without college degrees, especially young men. As a result, which of the following is true. Select all that apply.

answer

-especially as they reach their 30s, the marriage prospects of economically insecure men grow bleaker -young adults have a greater tendency to delay marriage, perhaps in favor of a less committed cohabitation relationship

question

How does the textbook suggest we can reconcile the paradox that while we still value the ideal of marriage as a lifelong commitment, contemporary culture is defined by individualism?

answer

marriage can be understood as the result of a social expectation that we as individuals must make choices and find success in love

question

Jacob and Ashley are a young couple in their early 20s who have been together for two years and are contemplating marriage. Which of the following is a likely reason why they may choose to get married despite the fact that marriage rates are in decline? (Choose all that apply.)

answer

-although there are alternatives to marriage, most couples imitate common behavior patterns -family members, religious leaders, and others may pressure them to marry -there are a variety of government and market incentives for them to marry

question

Juanita and La'Mon, who are both divorced, are a cohabitating couple with two teenage children, one from each of their respective previous marriages. If someone were to ask them why they choose to cohabitate rather than marry, they would most likely say

answer

they see cohabitation as a long-term and less risky substitute for marriage

question

One major illustration of the modern changes seen in marriage patterns is that __________ has now become an expected stage in relationships for the majority of

answer

cohabitation

question

One problem with using Becker's market principles to understand marriage choices is that

answer

people often make bad decisions when they are in love, so we cannot assume that these decisions are rational

question

Research shows that in regard to happiness, married people are generally happier than unmarried people. One likely reason for this is that

answer

happier people may be more attractive marriage partners

question

Researchers have found that within the last few decades, those with less education are increasingly delaying their first marriage due to __________.

answer

increased economic insecurity

question

Since the Supreme Court's Windsor decision, which invalidated the Defense of Marriage Act and allowed the federal government to recognize same-sex marriages, the Internal Revenue Service and other federal agencies have written new rules that include same-sex married couples. These new tangible benefits are an example of the __________ of marriage.

answer

legal status

question

Social and cultural changes have brought about more __________, which some argue has weakened marriage ties; however, researchers suggest that the relationships that do survive are emotionally stronger.

answer

individualism

question

the term wedding industrial complex refers to the

answer

high cost and large number of components of a modern-day wedding

question

The two assumptions required for Gary Becker's marriage market concept are that marriages must be __________ and there must be __________ for spouses.

answer

voluntary; competition

question

Which of the following is a reason for lower rates of marriage among African Americans?

answer

black men have problems becoming employed due to a shrinking manufacturing industry

SOC 224 Exam 2

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