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Socially Marginalized Groups

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Vulnerable and frequently victimized populations who typically have littler economic, political, and social power. (AIDS & cancer patients, elderly, children, lower SES)

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How much genetic variation exists within and between races?

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About 94% of genetic variation is within races, and less than 5% is between them.

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Race

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A social construct; A group of people who see themselves, and are seen by others, as having hereditary traits that set them apart.

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Racial Formation

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A process by which social, economic, and political forces create and perpetuate racial categories and meanings; and racial categories, in turn, affect social, political, and economic processes and structures. -Occurs at both micro and macro levels. -Race is socially and culturally defined and is this not a significant biological reality.

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Racism

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Individual level: The belief that some racial groups are naturally superior and others are inferior. Institutional level: Involves discriminatory policies and practices that result in unequal outcomes for members of different racial groups.

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Ethnic Groups

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Groups that we identify chiefly on cultural grounds - language, folk practices, dress, gestures, mannerisms, or religion. Identities are often constructed by their bearers. -Jewish Americans -Italian Americans -Hispanics

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Minority Group

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A racially or culturally self-conscious population, with hereditary membership and a high degree of in-group marriage, that suffer oppression at the hands of a dominant group; they lack power.

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Prejudice

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Attitudes of aversion and hostility toward the members of a group simply because they belong to it and hence are presumed to have the objectionable qualities ascribed to it; a subjective phenomenon. 1) Cognitive component: Provides a description of members of the target group; negative stereotypes. 2) Affective component: Involves negative reactions and emotional feelings about the group. 3) Behavioral component: The tendency to discriminate or behave negatively toward members of the group.

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Social Psychological Theories of Prejudice

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Argue that social interaction can produce prejudice in individuals

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Frustration Aggression Theory of Prejudice

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Prejudice is a form of scapegoating that results from displaced aggression; cannot explain why ethnic minority groups are chosen as targets of prejudice

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Socialization Theories of Prejudice

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Argue that prejudice attitudes are part of the culture people internalize during socialization by parents, friends, and community members, whose messages are reinforced by educational experiences and stereotypes presented in the media.

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Social Structural Theories of Prejudice

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Argue that prejudice is a cultural mechanism emerging out of competition and conflict between groups, and that it can be an important factor enabling single groups to achieve and maintain dominance; believe that as groups change within society, so will the content of prejudice.

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"Sense of Group Position" Theory of Prejudice

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Blume argued that prejudice flows from people's perceptions of the position of their group relative to other groups.

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Symbolic Racism

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(AKA Modern Racism, Racial Resentment) Increased from the 1970s - 2008. It stereotypes African Americans as people who do not share the American work ethic, who would rather be on welfare than work, who would be as well off as whites if they would "try harder," and who have recently been "getting more than they deserve"

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Discrimination

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ACTION. A process in which members of one or more groups or c categories in society are denied the privileges, prestige, power, legal rights, equal protection of the law, and other societal benefits that are available to the members of other groups; a form of racism where the members being discriminated against are apart of a racial minority.

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Institutional Discrimination

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The institutions of a society may function in such a way that they produce unequal outcomes for different groups.

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Equality of Outcome

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Parity in family income, housing, and the other necessities for keeping families strong and healthy.

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Gatekeeping

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The decision-making process whereby people are admitted to offices and positions of privilege, prestige, and power within a society.

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Environmental Racism

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The practice of locating incinerators and other types of hazardous waste facilities in or next to minority communities.

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Assimilation

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Refers to those processes whereby groups with distinctive identities become culturally and socially fused. 1) "Melting pot" - People and cultures would produce a new people and a new civilization 2) Anglo-conformity View - Immigrants promptly give up their cultural traits for those of the dominant American group. Makes more extensive social relations among groups possible.

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Acculturation

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When cultural elements of one group change in the direction of another group

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Integration

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When members of different ethnic groups participate with one another in the major institution structures of society, this is structural assimilation that is often referred to as integration

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Amalgamation

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Eventually, social participation, cultural sharing, and intermarriage may occur to an extent that it is impossible to distinguish the ethnic group that were formerly distinct within a society; The final stage of assimilation.

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Pluralism

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A situation in which diverse groups coexist and boundaries between them are maintained; may eye perpetuated because minority groups do not wish to be assimilated, valuing their separate identities and customs.

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Equalitarian Pluralism

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Cultural identity and group boundaries are maintained, but ethnic group members participate freely and equally in political and economic institutions.

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Inequalitarian Pluralism

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Ethnic group distinctiveness is maintained, but economic and political participation of minority groups is severely limited by the dominant group.

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Genocide

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The deliberate and systematic extermination of a racial or ethnic group

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What is the largest ethnic minority group in the United States?

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Those who were born in or whose ancestors were born in Latin American Nations or Spain became the largest ethnic minority group in the U.S. in 2002; about 1/6 of the U.S. population is Hispanic/Latino; account for about 1/2 of the foreign born population in the U.S.

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Laissez Faire Racism

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The view that government action is not required to help minorities because minorities are responsible for their own economic predicament

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The Functionalist Perspective on Inequalities of Race & Ethnicity

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Argue that social consensus on core values and beliefs is an important foundation of social integration and stability and thus helps a society maintain its equilibrium. Ethnic differentiation may be dysfunctional because it reduces consensus, increases the changes of conflict, and threatens the equilibrium of a society.

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The Conflict Perspective on Inequalities of Race & Ethnicity

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Content that prejudice and discrimination can best be understood in terms of tension or conflict among competing groups. They point out that three ingredients commonly come into play in the emergence and initial stabilization of racism: 1) Ethnocentrism: Involves the tendency to judge the behavior of other groups by the standards of one's own. 2) Racism: Is profitable because capitalists can pay minority workers less. 3) Racist Ideologies: Divide the working class by pitting white workers and minority workers against one another.

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Split Labor Market

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An economic arena in which large differences exist in the price of labor at the same occupational level.

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The Interactionist Perspective on Inequalities of Race & Ethnicity

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Argue that the way we act is dependent on the meanings we attach to people, objects, and events; the world we live in is socially constructed because it is based on social interactions; ethnic stratification cannot exist unless people classify each other as distinct and different.

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Sex

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Refers to whether one is genetically male or female and determines the biological role that one will play in reproduction.

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Gender

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A form of social differentiation; it refers to the sociocultural distinction between males and females; socially constructed.

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Gender Identities

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The conceptions we have of ourselves as being male or female; part of one's self concept & a product of social interaction

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Gender Roles

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Sets of cultural expectations that define the ways in which the members of each sex should behave.

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Sexism

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1) Individual Level: Sexism is the belief that one sex is superior to the other. 2) Institutional Level: Sexism involves policies, procedures, and practices that produce unequal outcomes for men and women. Sexism refers to the disadvantages that may be experienced by either sex.

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Patriarchy

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The most pervasive form of institutional sexism; A system of social organization in which men have a disproportionate share of power. Most sociologists believe that patriarchal systems serve that interests of men at the expense of women, and nearly all societies around the world today was patriarchal. Overall, 1 in 3 women have experienced violent victimization

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Women are sexually victimized throughout the world:

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Overall, 1 in 3 women have experienced violent victimization -Female genital mutilation -Transmission of HIV to young women and girls by older men (1/2 of the worlds HIV infected population is now women)

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Statistics on Women:

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-2/3 of the world's illiterate population are female. -46% of all U.S. workers are female. -Since 1950, the number of American mothers employed outsides the home has tripled. -2/3 of women who had given birth in 2008 were in the workforce.

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Who has entered college in higher numbers? Men or women?

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Women.

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The "Sticky Floor"

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An apt metaphor for the occupational frustrations experienced by most U.S. working women in low-paying, dead-end jobs.

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The Glass Ceiling

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A set of invisible barriers that prevent women from advancing. Glass Walls- Prevent women from from moving laterally in corporations and thereby gaining the experience they need to advance vertically.

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Sexual Harassment

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Unwelcome sexual attention, whether verbal or physical, that affects an employee's job conditions or creates a hostile working environment.

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Examples of Sexual Harassment

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As defined by the E.E.O.C -Unsolicited and unwelcome flirtations -Advances -Propositions **See more detailed examples on page 263

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Transsexuals

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Individuals who have normal sex organs but who psychologically feel like members of the opposite sex

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Cultural Transmission Theory

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Contend that the acquisition of gender identities and behaviors is a gradual process of learning that begins in infancy. Parents, teachers, and other adults shape a child's behavior by reinforcing responses that are deemed appropriate to the child's gender role and discouraging inappropriate ones. Children are passive individuals who are programmed for behavior by adults.

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Cognitive Development Theory

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Calls our attention to the act that children actively seek to acquire gender identities and roles. Children come to label themselves as boys or girls between the age of 18 months and 3 years.

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Self-Socialization

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Once children have identified themselves as either a boy or girl, they want to adopt the behaviors consistent with their newly discovered status.

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Functionalist Perspective on Gender

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Suggest that a division of labor originally arose between males and females because of the woman's role in reproduction. Because of this, society assigned roles geared more towards child-rearing to the woman and hunting and protection roles to males because of their larger size and greater strength. Functional and beneficial to society, families, etc.

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The Conflict Perspective on Gender

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Argued that the functionalist perspective only offered rationale for male dominance. Contended that a sexual division of labor is a social vehicle devised by men to ensure for themselves privilege, prestige, and power. Exists to benefit men only.

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The Interactionist Perspective on Gender

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Argue that cultural meanings, including those that give rise to gender inequality, are continually emerging and changing through social interaction. People can intentionally change the structure of gender differentiation and inequality by changing the meanings that underlie them.

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The Feminist Perspective

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Feminists argue that women are disadvantaged because society is patriarchal.

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Most significant aspect of race for most social scientists?

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Its significance as a social definition

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_________________ refers to the arbitrary denial of prestige, privilege, and power to members of a minority group whose qualifications are equal to those of members of the dominant group.

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Discrimination

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The most pervasive form of institutional sexism is ______.

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Patriarchy

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Possessing attitudes of aversion and hostility toward a minority group is termed:

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Prejudice

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The situation in which different racial or ethnic groups coexist side by side and still maintain their separate identities is called _____.

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Pluralism

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The Sociocultural distinction between males and females is what the text refers to as _______.

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Gender

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_________ identifies if one is genetically male or female.

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Sex

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According to the text, minority status is primarily a matter of ______.

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Who has power and privilege and who does not

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Cultural expectations that define how members of each sex should behave are called ________.

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Gender Roles

SOC 101 Chap. 7-8 (Inequalities of Race/Eth. & Gender Inequality) – Flashcards

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