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memory

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observations that are stored in a form that allows them to be retrieved and used at a later time

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sensory representations

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information that is represented in one of the sense modalities

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verbal representations

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information represented in words

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sensory registers

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memory systems that hold information for a very brief period of time

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iconic storage

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a visual sensory registration process by which people retain an afterimage of a visual stimulus

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echoic storage

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an auditory sensory registration process by which people retain an echo or brief auditory representation of a sound to which they have been exposed

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short-term memory (STM)

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memory for information that is available to consciousness for roughly 20 to 30 seconds; also called working memory

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rehearsal

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the process of repeating or studying information to retain it in memory

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maintenance rehearsal

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the process of repeating information over and over to maintain it momentarily in STM

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elaborative rehearsal

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an aid to long-term memory storage that involves thinking about the meaning of information in order to process it with more depth

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long-term memory (LTM)

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memory for facts, images, thoughts, feelings, skills, and experiences that may last as long as a lifetime

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retrieval

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the process of bringing information from long-term memory into short-term, or working, memory

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serial position effect

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the phenomenon that people are more likely to remember information that appears first and last in a list than information in the middle of the list

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modules

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discrete but interdependent processing units responsible for different kinds of remembering

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working memory

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conscious "workspace" used for retrieving and manipulating information, maintained through maintenance rehearsal; also called short-term memory

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chunking

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the process of organizing information into small, meaningful bits to aid memory

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declarative memory

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knowledge that can be consciously retrieved and "declared"

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semantic memory

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general world knowledge or facts; also called generic memory

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episodic memory

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memories of particular episodes or events from personal experience

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procedural memory

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knowledge of procedures or skills that emerge when people engage in activities that require them; also called skill or habit memory

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explicit memory

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the conscious recollection of facts and events

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implicit memory

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memory that cannot be brought to mind consciously but can be expressed in behavior

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recall

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the explicit (conscious) recollection of material from long-term memory

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tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

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the experience in which people attempting but failing to recall information from memory know the information is "in there" but are not quite able to retrieve it

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recognition

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explicit (conscious) knowledge of whether something currently perceived has been previously encountered

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priming effects

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the phenomenon in which the processing of specific information is facilitated by prior exposure to the same or similar information

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everyday memory

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memory as it occurs in daily life

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retrospective memory

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memory for events that have already occurred

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prospective memory

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memory for things that need to be done in the future

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encoded

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refers to information that is cast into a representational form, or "code," so that it can be readily accessed from memory

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level of processing

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the degree to which information is elaborated, reflected upon, or processed in a meaningful way during encoding of memory

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encoding specificity principle

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the notion that the match between the way information is encoded and the way it is retrieved is important to remembering

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retrieval cues

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stimuli or thoughts that can be used to stimulate retrieval

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spacing effect

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the superior long-term retention of information rehearsed in sessions spread out over longer intervals of time

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mnemonic devices

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systematic strategies for remembering information

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method of loci

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a memory aid, or mnemonic device, in which images are remembered by fitting them into an orderly arrangement of locations

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SQ3R

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a mnemonic device designed for helping students remember material from textbooks, which includes five steps: survey, question, read, recite, and review

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networks of association

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clusters of interconnected information stored in long-term memory is?

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node

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a cluster or piece of information along a network of association is called?

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spreading activation theory

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the theory that the presentation of a stimulus triggers activation of closely related nodes is what theory?

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forgetting

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the inability to retrieve memories is called?

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flashbulb memories

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especially vivid memories of exciting or highly consequential events are called?

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decay theory

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the notion that memories are lost as a result of a fading of the memory trace is known as?

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interference

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the intrusion of similar memories on one another is called?

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proactive interference

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a phenomenon in which old memories that have already been stored interfere with the retrieval of new information is called?

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retroactive interference

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interference of new information with the retrieval of old information is called?

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motivated forgetting

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forgetting for a reason, which leads to inhibition of retrieval is refereed to as?

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encoding specificity principle

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The chapter discussion about scuba divers who remembered information learned underwater best when they were tested underwater demonstrated the______

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frontal lobe

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Working memory appears to be "orchestrated" by the ________, a region of the brain long known to be involved in most high-level cognitive functions.

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semantic; episodic

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Declarative memory can involve either ________ or ________ memory.

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100%

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Spacing study sessions increases the long-term retention of information (compared to all-night cramming) by........

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retrieval cues.

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Many students report that it is much easier for them to recall information when they write an in-class test in the same room as they take the course than when they write the final examination in an examination hall or the gym. A possible reason for this difference is_______

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Adrenaline.

answer

_________ enhances memory for emotionally-charged material.

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nodes

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Pieces of information along a network of associations are called ________.

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flashbulb memories fade with time and may be inaccurate

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Research on forgetting shows that______

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proactive interference

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Dave tried to remember the lyrics of a new song, but kept confusing it with the lyrics of an older song with a similar title. This demonstrates? ________

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prospective

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Excessive use of alcohol especially interferes with ______ memory:

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D. all of the above

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It is generally accepted that the mind A. stores information. B. transforms information. C. retrieves information. D. all of the above

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use maintenance rehearsal

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Sally wants to remember a phone number she just looked up. To help her retain this information in short term memory she should______

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nodes

answer

Explicit memory refers to conscious recollection, expressed through______

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implicit

answer

Memory that is expressed in behaviors rather than being consciously retrieved is known as______

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retrieval cues

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When you go to the grocery store and you cannot remember what you were supposed to get, you start wandering up and down the aisle hoping for_____

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spreading activation theory

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You are talking to your friend and suddenly he/she seems to be talking about something only somewhat related to what your conversation was about. This can most likely be explained by

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deep processing.

answer

To help remember the order of the planets or the biological hierarchy of classification, people often make rhymes. They are really using

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schema

answer

From my experience I have developed a set of organized knowledge about fire trucks. They are large, red, have sirens, drive fast, etc. What I have developed is a(n) _____ about fire trucks.

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flashbulb memories

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Even though John was involved in a serious accident over 6 months ago he feels that he could describe it in as much detail today as he did 20 minutes after the accident. This shows the effect of _________.

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motivated forgetting

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The dentist sent you a reminder of your dental appointment, you cringed but wrote it in your schedule, and you still 'forgot' to go. Psychologists would say that you likely fell prey to

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PRIMACY EFFECT

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The tendency for materials at the beginning of a list to be remembered more easily

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HIPPOCAMPUS

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Brain part which, if damaged, would be the most likely to cause anterograde amnesia

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METHOD OF LOCI

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This mnemonic device makes use of imagined physical locations

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SEMANTIC NETWORK

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The memory theory that is depicted is?

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SPACING EFFECT

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This is a well known memory phenomenon - people remember material better when they rehearse it over long intervals rather than when 'cramming'

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REPRESSION

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This is Freud's term for motivated forgetting

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REM

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When we wake without an alarm clock, we tend to wake up from this sleep stage and, because acetylcholine is suppressed in this stage, our memory is pretty weak upon waking

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TIME

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According to storage decay theory, this four-letter word is the main culprit in forgetting

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PROACTIVE INTERFERENCE

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When old information makes us 'forget' something we just recently committed to memory, this is the concept that applies most directly.

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EBBINGHAUS

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Hopefully you remember his name - he coined the term "forgetting curve" and was the first to apply experimental methods to memory

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AMYGDALA

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You could have no conscious recollection of being burned by the stove, yet still have a fear reaction to a hot stove, as long as this brain part is working

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DISCRIMINATIVE STIMULUS

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This term describes, for example, the DOT camera whose presence (or absence) lets you know whether zipping past a toll booth is likely to be punished

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TIP-OF-THE-TONGUE

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This term refers to situations in which you 'know' that the information is 'in there' but can't retrieve it

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NODES

answer

According to spreading activation theory, each piece of information is stored in its own compartment - this is the term for these compartments

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THIRD DECADE (ages 20-29)

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This is the decade of human life during which reliable reductions in all three memory systems occur

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IVAN PAVLOV

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Trained in medicine, he called psychology "completely hopeless"

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CONDITIONED STIMULUS

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Just hearing the theme song for Jaws is sufficient to make some people scared. The music is a ____ for fear in this case.

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STIMULUS GENERALIZATION

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Rabbits conditioned to blink in response to a tone of 1200Hz will also blink in response to a tone of 2000Hz because of this tendency

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LATENT INHIBITION

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This refers to the tendency for conditioning to take longer when the 'neutral' stimulus is one the organism has lots of previous experience with

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BACKWARD CONDITIONING

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Term for situations in which the CS comes after the US

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ECHOIC MEMORY

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This is your sensory storage for what you hear, and also the longest-lasting sensory memory (up to 3-4 seconds)

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PROCEDURAL MEMORY

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This term is used to describe your memory for actions like riding a bike; the cerebellum plays a key role

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SEMANTIC MEMORY

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This is our memory of facts and other general knowledge

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PROSPECTIVE MEMORY

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This is the type of memory you are applying when you are able to remember all the things you have to do today

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IMPLICIT MEMORY

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The alternative term for non-declarative memory

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according to Baddeley, working memory is comprosed of

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a visual memory store, a verbal memory store, and a central executive.

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whereas essay exams require _____, multiple choice exams require _____

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recall; recognition

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if I try to remember what I planned to do next weekend, I am making use of

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prospective memory

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the typical capacity of short-term memory, first discovered by Ebbinghaus, is ______ of information

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5-9 units

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this is the type of memory that is most likely to be autobiographical

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episodic

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dave's voice-mail at the office uses different number keys to play, save, or delete messages than his voice-mail at home. Dave found it very hard to use his voice-mail. "it just doesn't make sense" he said. I didn't have this much trouble learning my voice-mail at home. but now I cant get the numbers straight at all" this problem where previously stored memories interfere with the retrieval of new information is called

answer

proactive interference

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cramming for exams is a violation of the

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spacing effect

question

the term that describes the visual sensory register is

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iconic storage

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the model of memory that is when one thing reminds, or primes your for another memory is the

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semantic network

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I show two groups of people a picture. Later, I ask one group, "did you see the orange on the table?" I ask the second group, "Did you see an orange on the table?" there was no orange on the table, what will I get?

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the members of the first group will be more likely to say "yes" while the members of the second group will be more likely to say "no"

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the idea that the string of letters (cbsnbcfoxabc) can be easily remembered because they stand for the four major television networks (CBS, NBC, FOX, ABC) is an example of

answer

chunking

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I cant remember the name of a student in my class until I happen to smell a flower- then I remember that her name is Rosie. this is an example of

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priming

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_______ enhances memory for emotionally-charged material

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adrenaline

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the part of the brain that is activated by the everyday memories such as knowledge of local streets is the

answer

hippocampus

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William james argued that ______ memory is a vast store of information

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secondary

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if I try to remember what I had for dinner last night, as well as what I did last night after dinner, I am making use of

answer

retrospective memory

question

the shortest storage times are associated with

answer

sensory memory

question

many students say it is much easier for them to recall information when they write an in-class test in the same room as they take the course than when they they an in an examination hall or the gym, a possible reason for this difference is

answer

retrieval cues

question

pieces of information along a network of associations are called

answer

nodes

question

memory that is expressed in behaviors rather than being consciously retrieved is known as

answer

implicit

question

what is the main cause of forgetting, according to the decay theory

answer

time

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